Term
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Definition
-power distance
-uncertainty avoidance
-individualism/collectivism
-masculinity |
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Term
| Carl Roger's humanistic psychotherapy method: stages |
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Definition
-nondirective (only listens)
-client-centered (minimizes influence)
-personal-centered ("genuine encounter") |
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Term
| Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins) |
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Definition
-ideal-real = dejection
-ought-real = agitation/anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
Infants -> Adults
-secure -> secure
-anxious/resistant-> preoccupied/ambivalent
-anxious/avoidant -> dismissing/avoidant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Mexico and India highest, US middle, Israel and Scandanavia low |
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Term
| Uncertainty Avoidance cultures |
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Definition
Japan and Mediterranean = high
Scandanvia = low |
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Term
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Definition
Latin America, Greece, Japan = high
Portugal and Scandanavia = low
US = pretty high |
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Term
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Definition
US, Europe = high
East/South Asia, Middle East, Africa = low |
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Term
| Openness + cultural dimensions |
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Definition
high invidiualism, masculinity
low power distance |
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Term
| Conscientiousness + cultural dimensions |
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Definition
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Term
| Extraversion + cultural dimensions |
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Definition
| high in individualism, power distance |
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Term
| Agreeableness + cultural dimensions |
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Definition
| Low in mascculinity, uncertainty avoidance |
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Term
| Neuroticism + cultural dimensions |
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Definition
| high masculinity, uncertainty avoidance |
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Term
| Findings of bilingualism/biculturalism personality tests |
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Definition
| Higher in English than Spanish on Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness; Higher in Spanish on neuroticism, same in openness |
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Term
| Self-Description differences in cultures |
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Definition
trait- vs. situation-based descriptors
attitudes vs. activities
referencing others
independent vs. interdependent
self-enhancing vs. self-effacing |
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Term
| positive or negative self-regard studies |
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Definition
US reports of being above average, more likely to report positive traits and strengths
Japanese reported being average or below, used more negative terms / Rosenberg self-esteem scale |
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Term
| implicit self-evaluations / self-esteem empirical evidence |
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Definition
- jersey # experiment (preferred # that was just implicity flashed with their name)
- IAT pleasant and me condition
- baseball strikeouts
- increased after self-esteem was threatened
- GPAs /graduate schools |
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Term
| self-awareness empirical evidence |
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Definition
- harsh criticism made pple avoid mirror more than mild criticism
- German texts, helping others, regulating emotions all improved in presence of mirror
- more emotional salience/arousal (men in room with mirror and nude photos more aroused) |
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Term
| social anxiety and self-awareness |
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Definition
| extreme social anxiety linked with self-awareness (didn't notice who they were talking to) |
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Term
| Turkish words study, chickens listening to music, illustrate this theory: |
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Definition
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Term
| habituation empirical evidence (habituation always works!) |
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Definition
-marriae increases happiness slightly, divorce and widowing cause more unhappiness/take longer to recover
-unemployment, disability permanently affect happiness (challenge self-worth more) |
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Term
| Bandura's Triadic Model of Reciprocal Determinism |
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Definition
| Overt behavior <-> environmental influences <-> personal factors (beliefs, expectancies, self-perceptions |
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Term
|
Definition
kids are particularly likely to imitate models of same gender (identification)
Even w/o rewards, kids imitated model |
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Term
| Self-efficacy increased by... |
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Definition
mastery experiences
vicarious experiences
social persuasion
physical and emotional states |
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Term
|
Definition
Fixed entity/judgment goals
Incremental/development goals
[the latter improved students' performance, incremental view of emotion in relationship produced healthier relationships] |
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Term
| Henry Murray's 3 TAT needs |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-high in achievement: influences behavior in need-relevant conditions
-high in power: domestic violence, leadership
-intimacy: smile more, write more letters
-pple more likely to recall autobiographical memories with the same theme as their score |
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Term
| Long-term correlation of needs/motives |
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Definition
| high achievement and intimacy scores predicited positive L data/life adjustment |
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|
Term
complementary behaviors associated with...
mimicry of... |
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Definition
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Term
| circumplex model of affect: dimensions, what can't be placed |
|
Definition
dimensions = activating-deactivating, pleasant-unpleasant
can't be placed = pride, shame, guilt, love (interpersonal emotions) |
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Term
|
Definition
lumping emotions together or not
-valience focus = greater sensitivity to facial expressions, arousal cues
-arousal focus = interoceptively sensitive, heartbeat detection |
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Term
|
Definition
automatic
multicomponential
regulated
construed by individuals |
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Term
| positive and negative emotions as we age |
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Definition
| frequency/intensity of positive emotions declines slightly, neg. emotions decline significantly (overall emotional balance more positive) |
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Term
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Definition
| with each year/generation, Americans experience more negative emotions |
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Term
| socio-emotional selectivity theory |
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Definition
| maximizing expected positive social emotions, because of awareness of transitions/little time left (can be manipulated in lab to prove this) |
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Term
|
Definition
| cognitive affective personality styles (Mischel) |
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Term
|
Definition
1) cognitive and behavioral construction competencies (IQ, capabilities)
2) encoding strategies and personal constructs
3) subjective stimulus values (expectancies)
4) Self-regulatory systems and plans
5) Affect |
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Term
|
Definition
| life tasks, personal projects, current concerns, personal strivings |
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Term
|
Definition
achievement, power, intimacy OR
enjoyment, self-assertion, esteem, interpersonal success, avoidance of negative affect |
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Term
| goals (interpersonal?) circumplex |
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Definition
| self-transcendence vs. physical self, extrinsic vs. intrinsic |
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Term
|
Definition
start some behaviors
maintain some behaviors
prevent some behaviors |
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Term
| punishment: ways to apply |
|
Definition
allow available alternatives
be clear about behavioral and situational contingents
be consistent and immediate
condition secondary punishing stimuli
avoid mixed messages |
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Term
|
Definition
| fairly stable across time and situations, set point? Effects of extraversion and neuroticism, habituation, adaptive, improves immune function and physical health, makes you more effective in many domains |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two dimensions of universal values: openness to change vs. conservatism, self-transcendence vs. self-enhancement (power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, self-direction, understanding, benevolence, tradition, conformity, security) |
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Term
|
Definition
| East Asians may think more holistically than Westerners, integrating more points of view in context (Japanese remembered whole context of an image/scene more than Americans did). Asian Americans may be disrupted by trying to talk at the same time as think |
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Term
|
Definition
| bicultural identity integration |
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Term
|
Definition
emics = universal
etics = particular to culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| social orientation, competence, expressiveness, self-control, optimism |
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