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| Sahelanthropus tchadensis |
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| Australopithecus anamensis |
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| Australopithecus afarensis |
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| Australopithecus bahrelghazali |
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| Australopithecus (Paranthropus) aethiopicus |
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| Australopithecus africanus |
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| Australopithecus (paranthropus) boisei |
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| Australopithecus (paranthropus) robustus |
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| 1.8 mya/ probably evolved into humans |
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| 74 kya/ more than likely evolved into archaic modern humans |
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| Origin and dispersal of H. erectus |
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| Origin of modern humans from archaic H. sapiens |
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| adaptive radiation of australopithecines |
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| transition from H. erectus to archaic H. sapiens |
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| adaptive radiation of primates |
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| adaptive radiation of Miocene apes |
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| skull: large brain and ape teeth. in 1953 discovered to be a fake. |
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| refers to the specimen(s) used to name a species |
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| bipedal increases, stone tools, brain size |
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| Sites: Sterkfontein & Makapansgat: A. africanus only (gracile). |
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| Sites: Kromdraai & Swartkrans |
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Definition
| P. robustus only (robust) |
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| Sites: Hadar & Middle Awash, Ethiopia/Laetoli, Tanzania |
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| All have same sites of A. Afarensis |
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| Sites: Olduvai, Tanzania & turkana, Kenya |
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| Omo, Ethiopia & Turkana, Kenya |
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| FACTS: A. anamensis led directly to A. afarensis |
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| FACTS: A. africanus have lg anterior teeth & called gracile because skull is more lightly built. Do NOT relate to skulls of chimps or human teeth because theirs is much larger |
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| FACTS: Whole history of the world as we know it relates to the most recent interglacial period. |
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| FACTS: Mousterian tools/technology are related to Neandertals |
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| FACTS: Acheulian tools/technology are related to Homo erectus |
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| FACTS: Homo lineage does NOT have tick enamel. |
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| FACTS: Homo heidelbergenesis more likely to evolve into Homo sapiens rather than Neandertal |
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| FACTS: A. africanus and A. robustus have never been found @ the same site. |
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| FACTS: Multiregional Hypothesis has nothing to do with australopithecines. |
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| FACTS: They are approximately 6.5 billion people on earth. |
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| FACTS: “Lucy” does NOT have a complete skull. |
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| FACTS: Robust & gracile refers to “chunkiness” not to weight. |
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| FACTS: Migration out of Africa occurred long before fire. |
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| FACTS: The mitochondrial DNA of all living humans can be traced back to one woman who lived in Africa about 150 kya. |
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| FACTS: Migration out of Africa occurred long before fire. |
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| FACTS: The mitochondrial DNA of all living humans can be traced back to one woman who lived in Africa about 150 kya. |
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| FACTS: MtEve is a statistical probability, and does NOT refer to a specific individual. |
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| FACTS: MtEve is a statistical probability, and does NOT refer to a specific individual. |
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| FACTS: MtEve is a statistical probability, and does NOT refer to a specific individual. |
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| FACTS: About 100 kya, Neandertals, and fossils appearing to be modern humans were using similar tools. |
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| FACTS: H. habilis (sensu stricto) describes the type specimen for H. habilis |
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| FACTS: Biologically we are still hunters & gatherers |
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| FACTS: Agriculture arose independently in different geographical regions |
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| FACTS: Modern Homo sapiens exhibit first noticeable chin. |
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| FACTS: Discovery of H.erectus was based on evaluation of skullcap & femur. |
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| FACTS: Homo sapiens who gradually became most similar to modern humans are located in Africa |
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| FACTS: Neandertals did NOT produce cave paintings |
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| FACTS: H. erectus original genus name is Pithecanthropus |
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| FACTS: The first family relates to A. afarensis |
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| FACTS: Upper Paleolithic is the most recent date closest to today. |
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| FACTS: The Assimilation Model is a variant of the Multiregional Evolution |
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| FACTS: A. afarensis did NOT live 2.5 mya |
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| FACTS: Hunter-gatherers live @ lower densities than elephants |
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| FACTS: Replacement model is a transition from archaic to modern that takes place only in Africa. |
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| FACTS: Mt. Toba eruption was 4000 x greater than Mt. St. Helens |
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| FACTS: Neandertal specimens are found in Europe, W. Asia & M. East |
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| FACTS: Humans start to use caves as shelters 800 kya |
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| FACTS: H. erectus disappeared 200kya |
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| FACTS: H. sapiens are left as the only surving of species of Homo from 30 kya |
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| FACTS: Groups start to migrate out of Africa 100 kya |
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| FACTS: 60 % of US adults are obese |
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| FACTS: KNM-ER 1813 is older than H. erectus |
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| FACTS: In Africa, archaic humans evolved into modern humans 160 kya |
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| FACTS: Robust lineage specialized for a diet of hard food items such as tubers, seeds, nuts &hard skinned fruit. |
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| Earliest stone tools in human history. First appear 2.5 mya. Located in Olduvai Gorge. Association w/ H. habilis & A. garhi. Subdivided into types, such as bifacial chopper, cone scrapers, flake scrapers, and pounders, hammer stone, sub spheroid as these appear to have been their main uses. |
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| similar to those used by chimpanzees. Perishable or difficult to recognize. Long thin branches, vines, stems, sticks, twigs, stone hammers & nut crackers. |
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| TOOLS: Acheulean han axes |
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Definition
| typically found w/ H. erectus remains. Follow use of Olduwan tools. Date about 1.5 mya. Consists of bifaced tools flaked on both sides. More complex to make & allow more manipulation. |
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| Supplanted Acheulean tools. Provided a higher quality tool that could be refined and for a wide variety of uses. Created by striking of flakes from a prepared core. Used during Middle and upper palaeolithic ages. |
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| Dated to about 300 kya-30 kya. Made by neandertals. They were hafted or attached to a handle. Before they attached the handle it was like using a hammer w/out a handle and they attached these to their tools. Used these to hunt & kill lg animals. Later they created Chatelperronian tools. |
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| Is what modern humans use about 90 kya. More elaborate tool kit. Used for shelters clothing and killing lg animals. |
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