Term
| nonvascular and no seed plants |
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Definition
| algae and bryophytes(mosses) |
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Term
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Definition
| primitive vascular plants like ferns |
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Term
| seed plants/vascular plants |
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Definition
| gymnosperms(conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants - monocots and diconts) |
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Term
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Definition
| support, water and nutrients absorption, and storage |
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Term
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Definition
| light capture, gas exchange, transport and support of leaves and reproductive parts |
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Term
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Definition
| parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
| totipotent, thin cell walls, metabolically active, most of a leaf, storage cells in roots, and most of a fruit. most of what we eat |
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Term
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Definition
| thick cell walls, occur in bundles(celery), ten to be long and pliable, alive when mature, rich in pectins |
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Term
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Definition
| thick secondary wall, dead when mature (tough part of nut), lignin, structural support, protection of seed and fruits. sclerids (why pears are gritty), fibers(most of what we wear) |
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Term
| tracheids and vessel elements |
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Definition
| sclerenchyma, dead when mmature, thick cell walls, interconnect via pits in walls, connect end to end ad conduct water |
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Term
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Definition
| parenchyma, live when mature, missing cellular components - need companion cell, connect end to end and transport food(sugars) |
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Term
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Definition
| vascular, epiderms, and ground tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| continum of phloem and xylem, transport of sugar and water |
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Term
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Definition
| single row of cells around te stele that gives rise to lateral roots |
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Term
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Definition
| underneath the epidermis in the leaf. is where photosynthesis takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| underneath the palisade parenchyma and is where gas exchange takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| at tip of shoots and roots, responsible for primary growth. in the apical bud and in the acillary busy. |
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Term
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Definition
| secondary growth(thickening), example:tree trunk. vascular cambium |
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Term
| when put in high water potential |
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Definition
| causes cells to become turgid because of pressure on the inside of the wall |
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Term
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Definition
| when in a concentrated solution cells become flaccid and plant is dehydrated |
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Term
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Definition
| between cells and cell walls, short distance movement. the movement through the xylem |
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Term
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Definition
| short distance movement inside cells (cytoplasm) through plasmodesmata |
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Term
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Definition
| on the outside of the stele, a waxy strip that stops water movement. solutes and water can only enter through cell membrane. the sophisticaed pumps allow toxins out and selective ions in. |
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Term
| how water moves through plants |
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Definition
| root pressure and cohesion-tension theory |
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Term
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Definition
| only works for small amounts over small distances |
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Term
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Definition
| water molecules stick together due to hydrogen bons, water binds to charged cell walls. this leads to a water column with high tensile stringth. this pulls it up the side. with high water pressure inside and the air with low water pressure it leads to a strong miniscus. |
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Term
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Definition
| the plant losees water through the stomata while trying to get in co2 |
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Term
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Definition
| need to be open in order to photosyntiszie |
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Term
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Definition
| using a blue light receptor, this stimulates a proton pump which uses ATP. K+ in through ion channel in response to negaitve charge inside. water is drawn in through osmosis because the concentration is high inside. this causes the pore to open |
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Term
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Definition
| phloem transport, materials can either go up or down, only one way per tube. source to sink |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flowers, fruit, roots, apical meristem, newly growing leaves. |
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Term
| movement from source to sink |
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Definition
1. proton pump drives sucrose into companion cell and then into the phloem
2. water moves passively from xylem into phloem by osmosis
3. causes high turgor - sugar and water mpove down in bulk flow
4. sugars unloaded at sink (uses energy)
5. water goes into xylem with water gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sulfur |
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Term
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Definition
| put a 5lb willow in 200 lbs of dirt and discovered that plant material must come from water |
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Term
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Definition
| clay particles have a negative charge on the outside, they are taken up through either active or electirc means through ion channels |
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Term
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Definition
| two major types of fungi form associates with plant roots, improve the absorption of N, P and water |
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Term
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Definition
| clovers, bell beans, vetch and sweet peas are legumes that fix nitrogen. nitrogen is fixed by rhizobia bacteria that live inside cell nodules. bacteria and plants find eachother through signaling |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| movement in response to gravity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how plants sense the seasons. there are critical night lengths. if you were to flash a minute of light during the night the plant woulf flower. red light was used to interrrupt and far right light would cancel that signal out. what the plant did depended on the last flash of light |
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Term
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Definition
| the ratio tells the plant how much shade it is getting. when the plant gets a higher ratio of far red, stimulates auxin and causes the plant to beging to elongate in order to get to the sunlight. |
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Term
| morgan and smith expieriment |
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Definition
| vary amount of far red. all get normal amount of light but varied additional amount of far red light. tested plants that were used to shad and those that were used to light |
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Term
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Definition
| if you hit Pr with sunlight it changes to PFR which recognizes far red light and causes germination |
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Term
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Definition
| if far red light hits PFR, changes to PR which stops germination and causes elongation |
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Term
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Definition
| NPH1 is embedded in the cell membrane. when blue light is absorbed it triggers phosphorolation |
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Term
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Definition
| screen arabidopisis mutants that do not bend towards blue light |
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Term
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Definition
| starch storing organelles very dense and drop to bottom of cell with grvity. this physically pushes the receptor asspciated with the amyop;asts which tell the plant which way is up and down |
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Term
| gravitational pressure hypothesis |
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Definition
| rather than amyloplast, main gravity sensor is a receptor protein that sense the weight of the entire cell. the protein is located in between the cell membrane and the extracell matric. |
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Term
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Definition
| cut off tip and put it on agar block - still bends. put non-permieable mica strip which caused the tip to not bend. decided that a water-solube chemical that diffuses through whoot |
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Term
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Definition
| put shoot tip on agar block. then put block on shoot - did not bend. piut agar on side - bends. bending occurs because chlls on one side enlongation. asymmetric distribution of auxin |
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Term
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Definition
| produced in apical maristem, uses polar transport. auxin is carried out along concentration gradient. this causes apical dominance - continual auxin transport suppresses lateral bud growth and accumulation of auxin tells the plant about gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| auxin stimulates proton pump. water moves inward because of K+ inside, induces root formation, promotes seconddary meristems, |
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Term
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Definition
| produced by seed to stimulate fruit development, can be used as weed killer, |
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Term
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Definition
| 200+ natural and synthetic. examples: kinetin, and zeatin. |
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Term
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Definition
| cytokinin. alone it doesn't have any effect but with auxin causes rapid cell division. with a low auxin ratio, causes the shoots to grow, with high it causes roots to grow |
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Term
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Definition
| disovered by E. Kurosawa. 70+ kinds, promotes seed germination, bud break, root growth and differentation. stem elongration:bolting. |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered by F.T. Addicott. "inhibitory hormone" - causes seed dormancy . stress response including the closing of stomata. |
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Term
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Definition
| breakdown of methionine. produced in laterns causes the ripening of fruits and senescent of leaves and flowers. can determine gender in some monoecious plants. - high concentration = female |
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Term
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Definition
| little baby plants growing off stem |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Alternation of generations |
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Definition
| sporophyte( multicellular 2n)--->meiosis-->spore(1N) --->mitosis -->gametophyte (multicellular 1n) --> mitosis -->sperm and egg --> fertilization --> zygote (2n) --> multicellular 2n sporophyte |
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Term
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Definition
| the stamen is made up of the anther and the filament |
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Term
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Definition
| the pistil is made up of the stigma on top which is attached to the style tube which goes down to the ovary which has ovules in it. |
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Term
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Definition
| gene a product inhibits gene c, gene c inhibits gene a. missing a = apetala (pistil and stamen). missibing B = pistilata ( sepal and pistal). missing c = agamous ( sepal and petal) |
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Term
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Definition
| have male and female parts |
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Term
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Definition
| seperate male and female individuals (willows) |
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Term
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Definition
| have seperate sex on same plant |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of pollen, flowers held aloft, no nectar, no petals. |
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Term
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Definition
| yellow, blue, purple, white petals. uv patterns, nectar guides, flat and open. bilateral and symmetrical |
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Term
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Definition
| red, long, tubular, nectar only- lots of it, no scents, dilute nectar - amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| flowers open at night, light color flowers, strong scents, large - easy access |
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Term
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Definition
| nasty smell, produce head |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| made when ovule goes through meiosis to form 1N nuclei - 3 migrate to the bottom and disinigrate 1 turns into the megaspore. the megaspore goes through mitosis and migrates to different parts. cell membranes form ebryo sac (megagametophyte) and 2 polar nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| in anther the pollen mother cell (2n - microsporocyte) goes through meiosis and becomes 4 microspores (1n). each one of these becomes a pollen grain (microgametophyte). the pollen grain is made up of 2 cells - generative cell and tube cell. the tube cell makes the pollen tube which goes down in to the ovary and the generative cell has two sperm cells that move down into the ovary through the pollen tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| pollen tube grows down to ebryo sac. one of the two sperm cells combines with the egg, the other goes with the polar nuclei and forms the endosperm (3n) |
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Term
| ways pathogen can get into plant |
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Definition
| 1. moisture on leaf 2. cuticle 3. through wounds 4. aphid transmitted 5. cutinase |
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Term
| defense against herbivores |
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Definition
| trichomes/spines. ant mutualists and poisons - secondary compounds that are derived from biochemical pathways that produce primary things like amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| based on isoperne unit. 25,000 different kinds. important in fragrences. insect deterents. examples: sagebrush, mint family, oregano, basil |
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Term
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Definition
| 8,000 kinds. flavonoids (in friuts, anthocyanin pigaments). lignans (in grains and veggies and help prevent cancer). tannins ( in leaves and unripe fruit). capsaicin (in chilli pepers, defer mammals from eating seeds |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen containing. antiherbivore and anti pathorgen. medicinal uses: morephine, quineine, codeine, heroin, caffine. defenses are costily |
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Term
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Definition
| works on biotrophs (need live tissue). kamikaze cells. gene for gene |
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Term
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Definition
| if plant receptor recognizes bacteria product the cell will kill itself. Avr is the gene that codes for the bacteria product. R = receptor, avr = doesn't make product plant recognizes r = doesn't have receptor |
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Term
| pigments in photosynthesis |
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Definition
| chlorophyll a and b - red, carotenoids ( carotene - orange and xanthophyll- yellow) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 chlorophyll a and 1 electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| 200 + pigment molecules, 1 chlorophyll a and 1 electrol acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
| photon hits chlorophyll and the high energy e- is accepted by pheophytin. plastoquinone moves excited e- across membrane and donates the e- to the cytochrome complex. going from the stroma to the lumen. protons are accumulating and making ATP. electron comes from water to replace the one accepted. P680. Found in the thylakoid membrane facing inside of grana |
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Term
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Definition
| at end of PSII e- is passed to pslastocyanin which diffuses through the lumen of the tyhlakoid and donates the e- to PSI. P700 attaches e- to ferredoxin. NADPH is formed. Found in the thylakoid membrane facing the stroma |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts. three parts : fixation, reduction and regeneration. in:CO2, ATP AND NADPH out: G3P(to glucose) |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 RuBP are put together with 3CO2 by Rubisco. Get 6 molecules of 3PG (3- phosphogycerate). |
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Term
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Definition
| 6 3PG phosphorolated by 6 ATP and 6 NADPH and you get 6 G3P (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate). 1 of those G3P goes to make glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 G3P plus 3 ATP goes to 3 RuBP |
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Term
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Definition
| most commone enzyme on earth. makes up 10-25% of all leaf protein. 8 active sites, 02 competes with C02 |
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Term
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Definition
| uses both rubisco and pep carboxylase. inital fixation is by pep carboxylase 02 does not compete with C02. A four carbon organic acid is formed that travels into the bundle sheath and releases CO2 the rubisco uses. the concentration of CO2 is kept high in the bundle sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| open stomata at night with fixation by pep carboxylase. stored as malic acid. rubisco re fixes co2 during the day |
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