Fair Trade

pigs, cows, chickens, turkey, lamb, duck, goat, geese, water buffalo

Steady increase. Increase in population is mostly responsible for increased grain production. Increase in technology also allows for greater grain production.

It does tie into environmental issues because it is usually linked to dry, arid climates.

Snow pack was greatly reduced in 2008 due to increased and earlier melting of the snow. This leads to a reduction in water supply.

Vegetation index. 

As more countries become economically successful......

.....meat consumption worldwide is increasing.

A large part of the world are slowly becoming dependent on cows and other meats that are heavily dependent on grain.

According to UN, each country is supposed to have _____ days worth of supplies.

70

World grain stocks. Change in world grain stocks. Comes from surplus years. Economy and population, climate change. All affected grain production. Reached a level in mid-1990s and now we are decreasing. According to UN, each country is supposed to have 70 days worth of supplies.

sugarcane: sugar plant

corn: cereal

rice: cereal

Sugarcane is not all that important in the US. It is primarily used in other places around the world with large populations.

united states

south america

europe

Australia

Slash-and-burn =

Slash-and-burn is a type of shifting cultivation.

Cash crops. Coffee, bananas, cotton, tobacco, sugarcane, pineapples, etc. Smaller, usually family run farms. Biggest issue with these is workers rights. Brokers deal with different farms.

Biggest issue with these is workers rights. Brokers deal with different farms.

Fair Trade was born out of problems with working conditions in plantations. List of places where Fair Trade products can be purchased. Farmer who grew the stuff got a fair price, good labor conditions, reduce the middlemen, democratic, upstanding organizations

Traditional agriculture. Each farm is being grown to Support a particular family. Only the Surplus is sold.

Africa, Asia, Alaska. Picture from Africa. People are known for being nomadic herders. No over-grazing. Benefit of the livestock.

Bright orange edges are where the fire is still burning. Devastates the area. Then they pick up, move and burn another area. The crops that they put down draw up nutrients. Nutrients can only sustain one or two seasons before they have to move again. Brazil is trying to provide incentives to prevent this from continuing to happen.  Paying them not to burn down the forest. Eco-tourism is also contributing to this.

Everything is consuming fossil fuels in order to produce the yield. Vast majority of what we eat comes from industrialized agriculture. Industrialization of agriculture in the 1920s-1940s was called green revolution.

Paying them not to burn down the forest. Eco-tourism is also contributing to this.

Brazil is trying to provide incentives to prevent this from continuing to happen. 

. Industrialization of agriculture in the 1920s-1940s was called green revolution.

Changes that increase yields per unit area of cropland:

Ideal is IR 8. the other two (PETA DGWG) have both desirable and undesirable traits. Over time they have been crossbred to produce the IR 8.

Genetically modified corn. Drought resistant. No label for  genetically modified plants. Organic cannot be genetically modified plant.

Steadily increasing in the last 10-15 years. US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada (order of industrialized agriculture)

- developed is greater than developing

Animals are kept in very close quarters. Cheaper to keep them all packed in. From a good perspective, there is no reason to have them spread out. Illnesses and sicknesses spread quickly.

Hormones and antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance in the animals.

Percent of resistance has increased dramatically. If organism that produces Mad Cow disease becomes resistant to antibiotics, it will be resistant for humans as well as animals.

Pests will become resistant as well. It may not matter if you spray. Adaptation occurs quickly.

Salinization. Build-up of salt on the surface of the land. Produced from overwatering. Over time, land will no longer be viable due to the high salt content.

Organic uses non-chemical pesticides. Conventional is much more industrial and larger in scale. Animal overcrowding in conventional, industrial farming. Differences in terms of loss of nutrients. Conventional farming has more aesthetically appealing food (not always the case now). Organic tends to have a better, fresher taste. Conventional is shipped great distances and is not picked at its ripest.

The only way to know that it is organic is that it must have the USDA seal for organic. More expensive testing analyzes percentage of product’s organic make-up. No percentage is less than 75%. Listed organic materials. Nothing listed – nothing is organic.

Idea of sustainable agriculture where there is an emphasis on pest control without the use of pesticides. Their goal is to enhance soil health, minimize erosion, improve soil fertility. They look at the plot of land as an ecosystem. How all the different parts of the land work together and how to create the best environment for the crops to grow (mixing crops, etc.). Balanced ecosystem system.

any species the interferes with human welfare or activities

any agent used to completely kill or moderation control pest populations

Completely synthetic, completely man made

Primarily used today: you can buy from home depo/ Lowes

Example: DDT

-using to kill mosquitos so they control the spread of malaria

-causes cancer….has negative affects to humans and other organisms

-still used today in the world

2nd Generation Insecticides

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

broad spectrum (contain

chlorine, hydrdogen..)

Persistent for months to

years

Mostly banned since 1960’s

Targets in Silent Spring by

Rachel Carson

Organophosphates

Developed in WWII (nerve

gas)

Highly toxic

Not as persistent in the

environment (only good thing

about it)

Carbamates

Broad spectrum

Not as toxic to mammals

Typically would by Carbamates in the store (because there are not as toxic to mammals)

Chlorinated hydrocarbons

Second Generation Insectacide

• broad spectrum (contain chlorine, hydrdogen..)
• Persistent for months to years
• Mostly banned since 1960’s
• Targets in Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

Example: DDT

-using to kill mosquitos so they control the spread of malaria

-causes cancer….has negative affects to humans and other organisms

-still used today in the world

Second Generation Pesticides=

Completely synthetic, completely man made

Primarily used today: you can buy from home depo/ Lowes

Organophosphates

2nd Generation Insectacide

• Developed in WWII (nerve gas)
  
• Highly toxic
• Not as persistent in the environment (only good thing about it)

CLUES:

THING of how soo many ppl loose their ORGANS in WWII: where their nerves are

=it has to be toxic

-ppl were the target= not as persistant in the environment

Carbamates

Broad spectrum

Not as toxic to mammals

*typically the one you will buy in the store bc they are not as toxic to mammals**

1) diesease control

2) increase crop production

Inorder to maintain a high level of crop production, you need to protect the crops from pests. You need to use pesticide. Nearly it is impossible for the entire world to withstain from pesticide use, because you would not be able to feed anybody

Without pesticides: higher prices, less crops

TOP 2 pests in the United States

TOP pests in the United States

3. European red mite (pest in the East and West Coast)

4. Pink Bollworm : in the south

Pesticide Overuse

Of the totall amount that is actually spread less than 2% actually reaches the target that they are trying to control

The VAST MAJORITY actually is entering the water system, air…..

When we talk about pesticide most of it is overused

Without consider persistence, the best category for pesticide from an environmental perspective is:

-narrow-spectrum

Pesticide Treadmill

Increase pesticide application >> kills most pests / resistant survive >>> numbers increase >>> new population genetically resistant >>>> even more pesticide application >>> (REPEAT PROCESS)

redline= number of genetically resistance insect species overtime

Blue boxes—the time of specific pesticides came into use

The slop of the line, increases right around the time a new pesticide is introduced. At first it works well, but quickly there is genetic resistance

-somewhat of an evolution arms race going on

1. genetic resistance

2. ecosystem inbalance

3. Persistence, Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification

4. Mobility

5. Risk to Human Health

EX. DDT

No one is going to buy this lemon, even if is perfectly fine on the inside

As soon as the insidence of the scale is below the dotted line, it is fine. All these lemons can be sold and they are economically reliable

When it was spread with DDT the line skyrocketed over the dotted line. Lemons from the trees CANNOT be sold

Why?

Because mosquitos was actually keeping the redscale in check

Persistence, Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification???

Mobility: pesticides

CAN GO TO:

1. air

2. animals

3. run off in sewages

4. humans

5. into freshwater

6. into oceans

7. especially in groundwater

All this stuff can get into our groundwater, our drinking water

People that are the main risk= workers and fields

Also consumers, people who live by farms, etc are at risks

Can be severe longterm effects (birth defects, mis carriages, lung canser) and somewhat short term effects (nausia)   ß---do not need to know

Some Pesticides That Are Known Endocrine Disrupters

Alt 1: Cultivation Practices

Rotate the crops, no particular crops in one location. Pest are usually specific to certain plants, so by doing this they won’t have the option from switching from crop to crop

--> actually suck off bugs with large machine from grass

Growing chrosanthan and marigold =prevents pest from eating them

What are 8 alternatives to pesticide overuse?

1. Cultivation Practices

2. Biological Control

3. Pheromones

4. Hormones

5. Insect Birth Control

6. Genetically Modified Organisms

7. Food Irradation

8. Integrated Pest Managment

lady bugs, which actually kill and eat other insects

Crab spider ---> Can eat the adult pests that are there

Using chemistry

Pheromones: are sects hormones (used by insects to attract a mate). They can relase the pheromones away from there crop, so all the insects can go away from the crop

EX of Hormones

(used as a alternative for pesticide)

They can actually modify the hormones for a catepillar, so that they don’t molt (molting is when the shed their outer layer). When they don’t molt, they actually eat less and they are smaller

-REALLY expensive

-useful if you have a common pest that you need to get rid of

Actually capture the males, and then sterilize them so that they don’t reproduce. They will still mate but they wont reproduce

-expensive

= alternative to pesticide use (7th alternative)

Actually let what ever it is be on the plants, but kill it right before it goes to the market

-this is symbol showing that the food is actually irradiated

=alternative to pesticide use (8th alternative)

Taking multiple of the previous alternatives and putting them all together

Ex.

-hedges, trees, and other plants to provide a place for natural predators

-GM plants/ organisms

-realsing sterile male pests

-etc

e waste is a problem bc: dumping of hazardous masterials like cadmium, mercury, and lead in developing coutries

metods = survey to see electronic waste usage and disposal & interview with tech suppoter

results= one broken electronic/ 2 ink cartilages

55% of u.s. land is owned by u.s. entities

3% owned by tribes

About 42% owned by gov

Not much preservation/conservation in east coast due to colonization in East

Once settlers got to West, realized need to conserve

If something does not fit into refuge, forest, or national park, placed under......

........control of bureau of land management

Burea of land management = national resource lands: minming, livestock grazing, oil and natural gas extraction (MOST hectares-109)

Wilderness

Wilderness Act (1964)

Fed gov can set aside land for it’s primeval characteristics into a National Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS)

environmental revolution

first earth day

-silent spring

-”set things aside for future generations

Ecosystem forest problems: natural disasters, pollution, acid rain, invasive species, disease

CLUE:

N P (a) R Investigated Death/dieseases

Ex of invasive species

White pine blister rust

Effects all upper level pine trees in mountainous regions

Invasive from asia

Reduces size of tree and ability to act as part of ecosystem

Effects grizzly bears- they depend on pine cones and pine needles

Mandated that there can be no human intervention due to wilderness act

Yellow stone nation park, establish in 1872

-national park foundation in 1916

=yellow stone national park PREDATES the establishment on national parks

PURPOSE: protect scenic beatuy, biodiversity, and to protect for future generations

1. Wildfires

2. Food Chain

Don’t interfere with the food chain/ the tropic levels that are going on in the park

-don’t feed the animals

-they are not separeated

-they are all interacting with what they would nationally do

-they do add species sometimes, in Yellow Stone the added the gray wolf

National Wildlife Refuge System

Monitored by the US Fish and Wildlife Service

Purpose: preservation for USE

-you’re allowed to fish/ hunt

-need a permit and restriction on how many thing you can take

-dessert

-mountains (especially, predominately classified as wilderness areas)

PURPOSE: protect scenic beauty, biodiversity, and to protect for future generations

National Wildlife Refuge System

Planted forest

Monoculture

Has same problems as agriculture plot that is a monoculture: disease, pests

-can tell they are not naturally grown: evenly spaced apart, same kind of tree, same kind of age

Tall trees provide seeds for trees of the next generation

Bluish green trees will be harvested for timber

Green tree on left will mature and be used for timber once it is grown

Type of Selective Cutting

Tall bright green trees= known as seed trees, left in sustaible forestry to provide seed for future forrest

Middle bluesih green= mature trees, large enough to harvest for timber

Idea= cut down a FEW trees, so that they can open a space in the capapy, so that sunlight can go down and then the seeds can grow. Most of these trees have a really short life span, except ONE. The ones with a really short lifespan will eventually die and clear off space for the ONE tree to grow, however that is later…at this point it is just growing (everything in this line takes take 10 years)

Again mostly in the west

Mission: you’re allowed to fish and hunt. If you have a permit you can cut down trees, and they will also lease out land to private timber companies, and mining is allowed

Globally to be one of the BIGGEST PPROBLEMS related to forrest

Dark green= net gain, forrest are grown

Lime green= no loss or gain

Annually 0.2% is lost each year than gained

1. Selective Cutting

2. Shelterwood Cutting

3. Seed Tree Cutting

4. Clear Cutting

SELena

Sings

Super

Cute

(SSS C)

(Sel SSC)

take out all the desriable trees, and then younger trees come up, and then they take out all the mature desirable trees…

“thinning out the forest”

in Alaska

Only rainforest in United States. Temperate Rainforest

HUGEEEEEEE TREES, enough to provide timber for LOTS of families

- Taken away for sale and for use

Perform clean cut

One tree has enough timber to provide for 10,000 of board

Cattle and ranches = 60%

Small Scale Subsistence Agriculture= 33%

Wilderness>>> national parks>>> refuge >>>national forest

Least protected---------------------------------------- MOST protective

Stream enegery >>> to wetland

Groundwater flow >>> to wetland

Bacteria break down contaminate from both streams and groundwater flow >>> in wetland

Provides critical wildlife habitat >>> in wetland

Slow release of stored water >>> away from wetland

Cleaner water outflow >>>> away from wetland

Water should be cleaner coming out of wetland than going in

People historically used wetlands as dumping grounds

They by nature are transient, they move

-because of erosion and deposition

In this pic, over time the edge moves closer to the road through erosion

Sand from someplace else (like offshore) is brought to the beach

Boat offshore pumps sand from seafloor

intro= use more energy effecient appliences Llike EnergyStar

methods= talked to customer servuces for each brand to see how much water is esed in 1 load/ resdence life to see student population/ survey to see amount of laundry done/

results= most students do 2 loads of laundry 3-4 times a month

intro: US is the largest producer of solid waste. 32% of solid municiple solid waste is paper

Methods: 10 scaled weighed paper recyling in one chose area and the area shared the recying bins. Weighed it same time each day

-had a paper bag destibuted to every room and they would way that in same way in 10 day period

Results: having bin in room = more convient

-most ppl were for villanova having recying bins in every room

hypothesis was the paper recyling will increase the use of bags