Term
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Definition
| the unique way in which each culture uses its particular physical environment; those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life-food, clothing, shelter, and defense |
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Definition
| a total way of life held in common by a group of people, including such learned features as speech, ideology, behavior, livelihood, technology, and government; or the local, customary way of doing things-a way of life; an ever changing process in which a group is actively engaged; a dynamic mix of symbols, beliefs, speech, and practices |
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Definition
| a geographical unit based on characteristics and functions of culture |
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Definition
| the spread of innovation within an area in a snowballing process, so that the total number of knowers or users becomes greater and the area of occurrence grows |
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Definition
| a cultural region inhabited by people who have one or more cultural traits in common |
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Term
| functional culture region |
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Definition
| an cultural area that functions as a unit politically, socially, or economically |
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Definition
| the study of spatial patterns and of differences and similarities from one place to another in environment and culture |
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Definition
| a type of expansion diffusion in which innovations spread from one important person to another or from one urban center to another, temporarily bypassing other persons or rural areas |
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Definition
| a term used to connote the subjective, idiographic, humanistic, culturally oriented type of geography that seeks to understand the unique character of individual regions and places, rejecting the principles of science as flawed and unknowingly biased |
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Definition
| the spread of an innovation or other element of culture that occurs with the bodily relocation (migration) of the individual or group responsible for the innovation |
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Definition
| a term used to connote the objective, quantitative, theoretical, model-based, economics-oriented type of geography that seeks to understand spatial systems and networks through application of the principles of social science |
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Definition
| landscapes that express the values, beliefs, and meanings of a particular culture |
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Definition
| a cultural region perceived to exist by its inhabitants; based in the collective spatial perception of the population at large; bearing a generally accepted name or nickname (such as "Dixie"). |
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Definition
| the adaptation of humans and cultures to the challenges posed by the physical environment |
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Definition
| The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit |
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Definition
| transportation and communication |
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Term
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Definition
| The spread of elements of culture from the point of origin over an area |
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Definition
| The process by which people in a local place mediate and alter regional, national, and global processes. |
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Definition
| the number of infants per 1000 live births who die before reaching one year of age |
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Definition
| The seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world. |
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Definition
| A region characterized by a set of places connected to another place by lines of communication or movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| constructs that reflect human feelings and attitudes about areas |
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Term
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Definition
| a spatial standardization that diminishes regional variety; may result from the spread of popular culture, which can diminish or destroy the uniqueness of place through cultural standardization on a national or even worldwide scale |
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Definition
| a dynamic culture based in large, heterogeneous societies permitting considerable individualism, innovation, and change; having a money-based economy, division of labor into professions, secular institutions of control, and weak interpersonal ties; producing and consuming machine-made goods |
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Definition
| Description of locations on the Earth’s surface where populations live |
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Definition
| With respect to popular culture, when people within a placer start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves, doing so in the context of their local culture and making it their own. |
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Definition
| the number of children the average woman will bear during her reproductive lifetime (15-44 years old). A TFR of less than 2.1, if maintained, will cause a natural decline of population |
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Definition
| Plant domestication was responsible for the diffusion of indo-European languages |
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Definition
| state breaks down through conflicts of ethnicities |
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Term
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Definition
| displays two variables on a single map by combining two different sets of graphic symbols or colors |
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Definition
| death rate between one and five years |
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Definition
| The process through which something is given monetary value; occurs when a good or idea that previously was not regarded as an object to be bought and sold is turned into something that has a particular price and that can be traded in a market economy |
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Term
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Definition
| broadly defined, the study of the relationships between the physical environment and culture; narrowly defined, the study of culture as an adaptive system that facilitates human adaptation to nature and environmental change |
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Definition
| a territorially bounded system consisting of interacting organic and inorganic components |
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Definition
| a group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition, often living as a minority group in a larger society |
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Definition
| a theory of language diffusion, which holds that the spread of indo-European languages originated with animal domestication; originated in the Central Asian steppes; and was later, more violent, and swifter than proponents of the Anatolian hypothesis maintain |
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Definition
| a group of related languages derived from a common ancestor |
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Definition
| those places on Earth that are home to the most unique, misunderstood, or endangered languages |
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Definition
| State that contains more than one ethnicity; don't coexist peacefully |
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Term
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Definition
| recognized as a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand each other without intentional study or extraordinary effort. It is sometimes used as a criterion for distinguishing languages from dialects, though sociolinguistic factors are also important |
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Definition
| a relatively dense settlement form |
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Definition
| a mixture of different languages |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for industry to develop in a core-periphery pattern, enriching the industrialized countries of the core and impoverishing the less industrialized countries of the core and impoverishing the less industrialized periphery. This term is also used to describe urban patterns in which suburban areas are enriched while the inner city is impoverished |
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Definition
| a super family of languages consisting of the Finno-Ugric family together with Samoyed |
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Term
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Definition
| Vertical plane between states that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| Government based on the principle that the people are the ultimate sovereign and have the final say over what happens within the state. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government. |
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Term
| majority-minority districts |
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Definition
| In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority |
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Definition
| In a general sense, associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade. More specifically, a protectionist policy of European states during the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries that promoted a state’s economic position in the contest with other countries. The acquisition of gold and silver and the maintenance of a favorable trade balance (more exports than imports) were central to the policy. |
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Definition
| State with more than one nation within its borders. |
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Definition
| Nation that stretches across borders and across states. |
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Definition
| States that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology; and generate less wealth than core states in the world-economy |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the state number of people. |
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Definition
| Places where core and periphery processes are occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery. |
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Definition
| Nation that does not have a state. |
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Definition
| The right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states. |
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Definition
| An independent but small and weak country lying between two powerful countries. |
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Definition
| Any factor that disrupts the internal order of a country. |
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Definition
| Any factor that supports the internal unity of a country. |
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Term
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Definition
| A political-geographic model suggesting that persistent regional patterns in voting behavior, sometimes leading to separatism, can usually be explained in terms of tensions pitting urban against rural, core against periphery, capitalists against workers, and power group against minority culture. |
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Definition
| The building and maintaining of colonies in one territory by people based elsewhere. |
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Definition
| The territorial nucleus from which a country grows in area and over time, often containing the national capital and the main center of commerce, culture, and industry. |
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Definition
| The study of the interactions among space, place, and region and the conduct and results of elections. |
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Definition
| A piece of territory surrounded by, but not part of, a country. |
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Definition
| A political boundary that follows some cultural border, such as a linguistic or religious border. |
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Definition
| A regional trading bloc composed of 27 European nations. |
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Definition
| A piece of national territory separated from the main body of a country by the territory of another country. |
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Definition
| An independent country that gives considerable powers and even autonomy to its constituent parts. |
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Definition
| A stronghold area with natural defensive qualities, useful in the defense of a country against invaders. |
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Term
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Definition
| A political border drawn in a regular, geometric manner, often a straight line, without regard for environmental or cultural patterns |
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Definition
| The influence of the habitat on political entities |
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Definition
| The drawing of electoral district boundaries in an awkward pattern to enhance the voting impact of one constituency at the expense of another |
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Definition
| The interior of a sizable landmass, removed from maritime connections; in particular, the interior of the Eurasian continent. |
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Definition
| A 1904 proposal by Mackinder that the key to world conquest lay in control of the interior of Eurasia. |
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Definition
| The sense of belonging to and self- identification with a national culture. |
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Definition
| An independent country dominated by a relatively homogeneous culture group. |
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Definition
| A political border that follows some feature of the natural environment, such as a river or mountain ridge |
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Definition
| The geographic study of politics and political matters |
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Definition
| Agreements made among geographically proximate countries that reduce trade barriers in order to better compete with other regional markets |
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Definition
| A former political border that no longer functions as a boundary |
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Definition
| The maritime fringe of a country or continent; in particular, the western, southern, and eastern edges of the Eurasian continent |
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Definition
| A small, weak country dominated by one powerful neighbor to the extent that some or much of its independence is lost |
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Definition
| The right of individual states to control political and economic affairs within their territorial boundaries without external interference |
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Definition
| A centralized authority that enforces a single political, economic, and legal system within its territorial boundaries. Often used synonymously with “country.” |
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Term
| supranational organization |
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Definition
| A group of independent countries joined together for purposes of mutual interest |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when states willingly relinquish some degree of sovereignty in order to gain the benefits of belonging to a larger political-economic entity. |
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Definition
| A learned cultural response, rooted in European history, that produced the external bounding and internal territorial organization characteristic of modern states. |
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Definition
| An independent state that concentrates power in the central government and grants little authority to the provinces |
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Definition
| The adoption by an ethnic group of enough of the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially. |
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Definition
| The complete blending of an ethnic group into the host society resulting in the loss of all distinctive ethnic traits. |
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Definition
| The tendency of people to migrate along channels, over a period of time, from specific source areas to specific destinations. |
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Definition
| A migration process in which a specific source location becomes linked to a particular destination, so that neighbors in the old place become neighbors in the new place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Poor or inadequate adaptation that occurs when a group pursues an adaptive strategy that, in the short run, fails to provide the necessities of life or, in the long run, destroys the environment that nourishes it. |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex of adaptive traits and skills possessed in advance of migration by a group, giving it survival ability and competitive advantage in occupying the new environment. |
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Definition
| The process by which immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture in the process of settling overseas, creating a new culture that is less complex than the old. |
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Definition
| The targeting of areas where ethnic or racial minorities live with respect to environ mental contaminat5ion or failure to enforced environmental regulations. |
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Definition
| The removal of unwanted ethnic minority populations from a nation-state through mass killing, deportation, or imprisonment. |
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Definition
| A readily visible marker of ethnicity on the landscape. |
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Definition
| The study of the spatial aspects of ethnicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of people who share a common ancestry and cultural tradition, often living as a minority group in a larger society. |
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Definition
| Sizable areas inhabited by an ethnic minority that exhibits a strong sense of attachment to the region and often exercising some measure of political and social control over it. |
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Definition
| Small ethnic areas in the rural countryside; sometimes called folk islands. |
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Definition
| A voluntary community where people of like origin reside by choice. |
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Definition
| Regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland. |
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Definition
| Suburban ethnic neighborhoods, sometimes home to relatively affluent immigrant populations. |
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Definition
| Customary behaviors associated with food preparation and consumption. |
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Definition
| Traditionally, an area within a city where an ethnic group lives, either by choice or by force. Today in the United States, the term typically indicates an impoverished African-American urban neighborhood. |
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Definition
| The forced displacement of a population, whether by government policy (such as a resettlement program), warfare or other violence, ethnic cleansing, disease, natural disaster, or enslavement. Also called forced migration. |
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Definition
| A classification system that is sometimes understood as arising from genetically significant differences among human populations, or visible differences in human physiognomy, or as a social construction that varies across time and space. |
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Definition
| A type of ethnic diffusion that involves the voluntary movement of a group of migrants back to its ancestral or native country or homeland. |
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Definition
| Defined by geographer James Curtis as the dramatic increase in Hispanic population in a given neighborhood; referring to barrio, the Spanish word for neighborhood. |
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Definition
| In the context of arranged marriages in India, disputes over the price to be paid by the family of the bride to the father of the groom (the dowry) have, in some extreme cases, led to the death of the bride. |
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Definition
| Affiliation or identity within a group of people bound by common ancestry and culture. |
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Definition
| Social differences between men and woman, rather than anatomical, biological differences between the sexes. Notions of gender differences – that is, what is considered “feminine” or “masculine” – vary greatly over time and space. |
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Definition
| In terms of a place, whether the place is designed for or claimed by men or women. |
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Definition
| Constructing an identity by first defining the “other” and then defining ourselves as “not the other.” |
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Definition
| Defined by geographer Gillian Rose as “how we make sense of ourselves;” how people see themselves at different scales. |
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Definition
| The fourth theme of geography as defined by the Geography Educational National Implementation Project; uniqueness of a location. |
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Definition
| A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics. Racial categories are social and political constructions because they are based on ideas that some biological differences (especially skin color) are more important than others (e.g. height, etc.), even though the latter might have more significance in terms of human activity. With its roots in sixteenth-century England, the term is closely associated with European colonialism because of the impact of that development on global understandings of racial differences. |
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Definition
| Frequently referred to as a system or attitude toward visible differences in individuals, racism is an ideology of difference that ascribes (predominantly negative) significance and meaning to culturally, socially, and politically constructed ideas based on phenotypical features. |
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Definition
| Defined by geographers Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton as the degree to which two or more groups live separately from one another, in different parts of an urban environment. |
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Definition
| State of mind derived through the infusion of a place with meaning and emotion by remembering important events that occurred in that place or by labeling a place with a certain character. |
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Definition
| Defined by Doreen Massey and Pat Jess as “social relations stretched out.” |
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Definition
| Process by which new immigrants to a city move to and dominate or take over areas or neighborhoods occupied by older immigrant groups. For example, in the early twentieth century, Puerto Ricans “invaded” the immigrant Jewish neighborhood of East Harlem and successfully took over the neighborhood or “succeeded” the immigrant Jewish population as the dominant immigrant group in the neighborhood. |
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