Term
| How do bulky feeds affect feed intake? |
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Definition
| if indigestible, then gut capacity is filled with less nutrient-dense material |
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Term
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Definition
| if they are kept indoors yes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| non-woody broadleaf plants |
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Term
| Is corn high in protein? TDN? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common carbohydrate in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of nutrients are found in forages? |
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Definition
Nonstructural-storage CHO (starch, fructosans)
Stuctural/cell wall CHO (hemi, cellulose, lignin, pectins NDF)
Lipids
Protein
Minerals |
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Term
| Pectin is a ___ linked polymer |
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Definition
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Term
| What concern is there with feeding straw? |
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Definition
very high in NDF low in cell contents
rumen can impact, bc cattle will eat a lot of it trying to meet energy requirements but rumen microbes can't digest it, cow will die |
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Term
| When might you want to feed straw? Why? |
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Definition
| If cattle are being fed a diet high in concentrates |
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Term
| Is NDF content constant in forages? |
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Definition
| no, changes as plants mature |
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Term
| What fatty acids are found in forages primarily? |
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Definition
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Term
| Meat from forage-fed rumnants is right in ____ fatty acids |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would forage-finished cattle produce meat high in conjugated linoleic acid? |
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Definition
| CLA produced from rumen fermentation |
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Term
| How does maturity affect N-content of forages? |
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Definition
Location (N is mostly in leaves)
Species
Quality (high in Lys, Arg, Glu) |
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Term
| What AA are often limiting in forages? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does mineral content vary in forages |
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Definition
plant species
soil conditions
fertilization practices
climate |
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Term
| What is the most common deficiency in forage-base diets? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are legumes and grasses equal in terms of mineral content? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does forage bleaching have on Vit A, D and E? |
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Definition
D no change or improve
A & E will be degraded |
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Term
| What vitamins are found in forages? |
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Definition
beta carotene (converted to Vit A)
Vit E
Vit B (except B12)
Vit D |
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Term
| What factors affect nutritional value of forages? |
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Definition
NDF content vs cell contents
Extent of lignification
Maturity (more lignin)
Season (will need more pasture per head in winter than spring) |
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Term
| What problem might you encounter with feeding early-cut 1st growth hay? |
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Definition
| has a low DM content (high in moisture) |
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Term
| Pros of feeding first-cut hay? |
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Definition
high in water, CP
maximum digestibility
leaf:stem ratio (as plants mature get more stem) |
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Term
| How does dry matter digestibility and intake change as forages mature? |
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Definition
DMD decreases because there is more NDF
DMI increases because of more NDF, less CC |
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Term
| What moisture content is appropriate for hay? |
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Definition
| 15% or less other wise will have mould |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why do you want cut forage to dry quickly when making hay? |
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Definition
| longer = more potential loss of nutrients (CC are soluble will lose these) and more likely to get rained on |
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Term
| Why is handling important when making hay? |
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Definition
| rough handling = will lose leaf |
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Term
| Why might protein be converted to NPN even after the plant is cut? |
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Definition
| plant enzymes (proteinase) will continue to be active until forage is dried down to 60% DM (target is 85) |
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Term
| As drying time increases, forage Vit D content... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| If it rains right after cutting, is that a problem? |
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Definition
| not really. but if it rains during curing process that's bad |
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Term
| what time of day would be best to cut hay? |
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Definition
| late afternoon/early evening = retain more sugars in the forage |
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Term
| What factors would cause hay to lose quality? |
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Definition
Storage
Cutting method
Drying time
Weather damage
Plant enzyme activity |
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Term
| How can you tell if heat damage has occurred to hay? |
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Definition
| N analysis, if ADF-N or ADIN > 30% of total N then heat damage has occured |
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Term
| What can you do to preserve hay? |
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Definition
NaCl (draws water out, not effective)
Formic / propionic acids to prevent fungus growth
Artificial dehydration |
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Term
| Why are the problems with using formic / propionic acids to preserve hay? |
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Definition
| antifungal, but uniform application is difficult to achieve |
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Term
| Dark hay is likely high in ___ |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which is the best indicator of digestibility, NDF or ADF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is silage? How does it work? |
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Definition
high moisture forage preserved through anaerobic fermentation
lactobacilli convert CHO to LA, VFA, ethanol
pH will eventually drop to point that product is stable, microbes will be killed |
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Term
| How does ensilaging affect forage nutritive value? |
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Definition
| decreases value but increases bioavailability |
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Term
| What are the requirements for making silage? |
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Definition
higher moisture (more for bunker silo vs tower)
need soluble CHO in forage (glucose and fructose) to feed microbes
need to chop crop so forage packs tightly, less room for oxygen = better anerobic fermentation |
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Term
| High levels of butyrate in silage indicate.... |
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Definition
| low quality, means undesireable microbes are present |
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Term
| What bacteria is a concern in silage? |
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Definition
clostridium (causes botulism)
listeria (causes abortion) |
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Term
| What effect does protein hydrolysis have on silage? |
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Definition
| can decrease protein quality, e.g. will take high quality alfalfa protein and break it down |
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Term
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Definition
1. Soluble CHO fermentation (aerobic)
-want to stop this asap
2.Soluble CHO fermentation (anaerobic)
-prod lactic, formic, VFA
3.Protein hydrolysis
-produces NPN
4. Heat production |
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Term
| How does silage compare to haylage? |
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Definition
| silage has more moisture than haylage |
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Term
| Why would we feed silage? |
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Definition
-allows use of whole plant to produce high quality feed
-highest energy of all roughages
-conserves forage if not dry enough for hay
-easy to incorporate into a TMR |
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Term
| How does microbial fermentation in silage production differ from rumen microbial fermentation? |
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Definition
Microbes can flow out of the rumen, mechanical mixing in the rumen, inputs/outputs in the rumen are continuous whereas the system is closed in ensilaging process
-microbes will kill themselves in silage process bc pH will eventually get to 4.0 |
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Term
| Why would you add Ca to silage? |
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Definition
| if you're making a grain silage bc they are low in Ca |
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Term
| What are some commonly used silage additives? |
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Definition
-readily fermentable CHO to feed bacteria
-bacterial innoculants & enzymes for starch/fiber breakdown
-Ca
-NH3/urea to enrich end product
-acids (minimize compound degradation) |
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Term
| What are the pros of making baylage / round bale silage? Cons? |
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Definition
-don't have to wait (gets baled right way)
-low capital investment vs a silo
CON
-environmental waste of plastic
-plastic wrap needs to have high integrity |
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Term
| What are the benefits of raising animals on pasture? |
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Definition
lower feed costs
less labor
better animal health (air quality, calving on pasture is better) |
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Term
| What are some methods of grazing managemenet? |
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Definition
Continuous (essentially unmanaged)
Rotational
Strip grazing (move fence 1-2x a day)
Stockpile |
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Term
| What is stockpile grazing? |
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Definition
| take off one cut of hay, allow fields to recover, put cows on in fall, leave there as long as possible |
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Term
| What factors affect how long you can leave a herd in one paddock? |
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Definition
stocking density
amount of forage available |
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Term
| What type of cattle might you feed low quality roughages to? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What types of processing might low qual roughages undergo? |
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Definition
grinding/pelleting
chemical
biological (fungi) |
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Term
| What are the pros of using low qual roughages? |
|
Definition
-source of fiber to stimulation rumination chewing
-cheap feed if you just need to maintain weight |
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Term
| What are some problems with feeding forages? (5) |
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Definition
Nitrate poisoning (microbial fermentaion of nitrate produces toxic nitrites) due to over-fertilization of fields
Grass tetany
-spring grasses have low Mg, and high organic acids which bind Mg
-high N/K fertilization decreases Mg absorption too
-incoordination, convulsions, death
Oxalates
-decrease Ca absorption
Sweet clover disease
-Coumarin converted to Dicumarol, inhibits Vit K prevents blood clotting
Fescue endohyte alkalids
-decreases prolactin secretion |
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Term
|
Definition
| prevents hemoglobin from releasing oxygen |
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