Term
| Christian-democratic welfare states |
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Definition
| whose social policies are based on the nuclear family with a male breadwinner, designed primarily to achieve income stabilization to mitigate the effects or market induced income insecurtiy |
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| collective action problem |
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Definition
| individuals being unwilling to engage in a particular activity because of their rational belief that their individual actions will have little to no effect yet collectively suffering adverse consequences when all fail to elect |
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| philosophical tradition supporting the argument that humans are inherently social and political animals and this can only function well in strongly bonded communities |
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| argument that globalization will force similar economic and social policies across all countries |
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| coordinated market economies (CME) |
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Definition
| capitalist economies in which firms financiers unions and government consciously coordinate their actions via interlocking ownership and participation |
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Definition
| democraces in which free and fair elections take place but neither vertical nor horizontal accountability is strong enough to prevent the emergence of elected executives with nearly unlimited power |
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| democracy that asks citizens not to only assume their rights and minimally participate through voting but also to engage actively in democratic discussion in the effort to build a better society |
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| the widespread acceptance of democracy as the permanent form of poltical activity; all sig political elites and their followers accept democratic rules and are confident everyone else does as well |
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| an authoritarian rulers repression creates fear which then breeds uncertainty about how much support the ruler has in response the ruler spends more resources than is rational to co opt the opposition |
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| party system in which multiple parties exist but the same on wins every election and governs continuously |
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| institutionalist argument by french political scientist that FPTP electoral systems will produce two major parties; eliminating smaller parties |
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Definition
| poltical systems in which opposition parties are legal and elections take place but fulll civil and political rights of liberal democracy are not secure |
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Definition
| development policy based on encouraging economic growth via exports of goods and services usually starting with light manufacturing such as textiles |
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Definition
| electoral system in which individual candidates are elected in single member districts. The candidate with the plurality of votes, wins |
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Term
| foreign direct investment (FDI) |
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Definition
| investment from abroad in another country |
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Definition
| thesis that globalization is so powerful it will overwhelm the power of nation states forcing convergence of economic policies |
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Definition
| the degree to which government processes and procesdures are established predicatble and routinized |
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Definition
| interest group system in which many groups exist to represent particular intereest and the government remains officially neutral among them; the United States is an example |
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Term
| liberal market economies (LME) |
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Definition
| in the varieties of capitalism approach countries that rely heavily on market relationships to govern ecnomic activity; US and UK |
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Definition
| states whose social policies focus on ensuring that all who can do so gain their income in the market; more concerned with preserving autonomy that with reducing poverty (US) |
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Definition
| branch of the LGBT movement that seeks to transform sexual and gender norms so that all may gain social acceptance and respect regardless of their conformity to preexisting norms or institutions |
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Term
| market based private insurance system |
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Definition
| health care system that relies on private insurance for the bulk of the population |
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Term
| Millennium Development Goals |
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Definition
| targets established by the UN to reduce pverty, hunger, improve education, improve the status of women and achieve environmental sustainability |
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Term
| mixed or semi-proportional representation system |
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Definition
| an electoral system that combines single member district representation with overall proportionality in allocation of legislative seats to parties; Germany is a key example |
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Definition
| occurs when parties to a transaction behave in a matter because they believe they will not have to pay the full costs of their actions |
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Term
| multicultural integration |
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Definition
| accepts that multicultural identities matter to citizens will endure over time and must be recongnized and accomodated |
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Definition
| the belief that different cultures in a society ought to be respected |
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Definition
| party systems in which more than two parties could potentially win a national election and govern |
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Term
| national health insurance |
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Definition
| a health care system in which the government mandates that virtually all citizens must have insurance |
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Term
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Definition
| a government financed and managed health care system into which all citizens pay either through a separate insurance payment or via general taxation and through which they gain medical care |
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Definition
| corportism that evolves historically and voluntarily rather than being mandated by the state |
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Definition
| the number of parties and each one's relative institutional strength |
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Definition
| organizations that bring together all interest groups in a particular sector to influence and negotiate agreements with the state |
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Definition
| phenomenon that occurs in the most extreme cases of personalist rule in which followers constantly glorify the ruler and attempt to turn his every utterance into not only government fiat but divine wisdom |
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Definition
| the reciept of the most votes but not necessarily the majority |
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| the opening of the poltical system to greater participation; typically before a transistion to democracy |
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Term
| proportional representation (MMD) |
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Definition
| electoral system in which seats in a legislature are approportioned on a purpely proportional basis, giving each party the share of seats that matches its share of the votes |
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Definition
| a relatively rapid transformation of the poltical system and social structure that results from the overthrow of the prior regime by mass participation in extralegal political action which is often (but not always) violent |
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Definition
| electoral system in which multiple seats exist in each legislative district but each voter only votes for one candidate; Japan used to be an example |
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Definition
| social networks and norms of reciprocity that are important for a strong civil society |
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Term
| social democratic welfare states |
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Definition
| states whose social policies strongly emphasize univeral entitlements to achieve greater social equality and promote equal citizenship |
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Definition
| provides benefits to a category of people who have contributed (usually) to a public insurance fund |
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Definition
| part of civil society; they have a lossely defined organizational structure and represent people who have been outside formal institutions, seek major socioeconomic or political changes or employ noninstitutional forms of collective action |
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Term
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Definition
| individual who wields executive power with few formal limits in an authoritarian regime, in the islamist republic of iran, the formal title of the top ruling cleric |
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Definition
| economic development that can continue over the long term because it is not environmentally unsound or excessively dependent on uncertain foreign sources |
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Definition
| political violence targeted at civilian non combatants |
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Definition
| no individual has the incentive or ability to preserve a common, shared good that is free so without collective effort it is likely to be overused and perhaps ultimately destroyed |
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Definition
| a regime change typically involving a negotiated process that removes an authoriatarian regime and conclused with a founding election of a new democratic regime |
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Definition
| party system in which only two parties are able to garner enough votes to win an election, though more may compete, United States and UK are good examples |
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Term
| varieties of capitalism approach |
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Definition
| school of thought analyzing wealthy market economies that focuses primarily on business firms and how they are governed; divides such economies into LMEs and CMEs and argues that globalization will not produce convergence between them |
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Definition
| distinct systems of social policies that arose after WWII in wealthy market economies including social democratic welfare states and all the other ones too |
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