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| multicellular plants and animals, cells organized into cells & tissues |
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| earliest fossil evidence of eukaryotes, super tough |
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| first complex metazoan fossils |
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| very abundant during Cambrian, prone to speciation & extinction (good for dating) |
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| small filter-feeding animals, lived in cup-like structures, formed floating colonies (Ordovician) |
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| immobile filter feeders, not related to bivalve mollusks (Ordovician) |
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| "sea lilies", type of echinoderm |
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| "cone teeth" - small tooth-like fossils, belong to primitive eel-like chordate |
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| Cephalopods (Nautiloid cephalopods) |
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Definition
| shelled marine animals, use chambers for buoyancy control (fill chambers with water to sink, with gas to rise), major predators during Ordovician |
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| first Agnatha, jawless & armored |
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| large, scorpion-like marine arthropod predators |
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| have complex suture patterns (borders between chambers) |
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| first fish with jaws, armored |
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| bony fish, fins supported by thin bones that radiate from body, ancestors of most fish today |
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| lobe-shaped fins are attached to body by single bone, evolution of fins into feet, have nostrils & lungs ('dipnoi') |
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| first seed-bearing plants, wind-pollinated |
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| in coal-producing swamps, vascular plants |
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| "maze-teeth", major structural bones from fish ancestor are repurposed to support feet |
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| "mammal-like" reptiles, endothermic to some degree, more upright stance, crudely diversified teeth, hair to some degree |
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| type of gymnosperm, on land |
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| primitive water-dependent plants |
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| flowering plants, more efficient pollination (animal-pollinated) have dominated terrestrial plants since Mesozoic |
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| egg-layers, type of mammal |
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| immature fetus develops in pouch, dominated Australia & South America in Tertiary |
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| mammals; internal gestation (carries/nourishes fetus in womb) |
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| large flightless predatory bird in Tertiary |
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| extreme tooth specialization, upper/lower teeth evolve into tusks, back teeth differentiated according to diet, ex. elephants |
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| astronomic factors causing glacial-interglacial 'Ice Ages' |
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| large body mass in animals as an adaptation for cold |
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| Pleistocene hunting/scavenging raptor, American Indian legends of Thunderbird |
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