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| Which of the following is the correct order in the hierarchical levels of life (smallest to largest)? |
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Definition
| atom, molecule, organelle, cell, organ, organism, population, ecosystem |
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| List the 8 levels of classification of living organisms(as discussed in class), beginning with the most inclusive and ending with the least inclusive. |
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Definition
| Domain, Kindom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. |
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| The three domains containing all living organisms are |
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Definition
| Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya |
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| List the four kingdoms of Eukarya |
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Definition
| Protista, Fungi, Animalia, Plantae |
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| List the steps of the scientific method in proper order |
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| Oberservation, question, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion |
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| a possible answer to a question |
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| The_______is the part of a scientific experiment that is adjustable or that changes over the course of teh experiment. |
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| The_____________ is part of a scientific experiment that remains constant and provides a standard with which to compare results. |
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| ______is defined as anything that takes up space and has mass |
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| Name the six elements described as basic to life. |
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Definition
| Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur |
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| The______is the smallest unit of the______that still retains the properties of the element. (chemistry) |
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| Electrons have a______charge and have ____mass than protons and neutrons. |
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| _______&_________ are the subatomic particles that form the nucleus of an atom. |
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| Elements are different from one another because they have different numbers of________ in the nucleus. |
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| The atomic number of an element is equal to its number of_______. |
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| In an atom that has not undergone any type of chemical reaction, the numberof electrons is always ______ to the number of protons. |
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| The atomic mass of an element is equal to its number of |
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| Oxygen(O) has____total electrons.(Refer to the periodic table) |
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| Sodium(Na) has___neutrons.(Refer to the periodic table) |
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| Sodium(Na) has an atomic mass of___.(Refer to the periodic table) |
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| Chlorine(Cl) has A)how many electron shells?,B)How many electrons in it's outer shell? |
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| Hydrogen, deuterium and tritium are all isotopes of the same element, because they all have the same number of protons in the nucleaus, but a different number of_____. |
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| Atoms are considered stable when |
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Definition
| their ourtmost electron shell is full |
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| The innermost electron shell of an atom can hold a maximum of___ electrons, while the outer shell(s) can hold a maximum of _____ electrons. |
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| What kind of bond is formed when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another? |
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Definition
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| What bond is formed when atoms share electrons |
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| Charged atoms(having gained or lost electrons) whose number of electrons differs from its number of protons are called |
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| Which type of bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms that do not differ in electronegativites? |
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| ________involves forces of attraction between molecules due to partial charges of opposite polarity. |
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| Compounds and molecules that interact with water are sometimes called_______, while those that do not interact with water are sometimes called______? |
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Definition
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| Are non-polar molescule are hydrophylic or hydrophobic? |
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| A_______ is the liquid portion of a solution that serves to dissolve a solute. |
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| _____are defined as substances taht give up hydrogen ions when put in aqueous solution. |
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Definition
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| ______are defined as substances that take up hydrogen ions and/or release hydroxide(OH-)ions when put in aqueous solution. |
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| Within the pH scale,___is the most acidic value,_____is a neutralvalue,and ____is teh most basic value. |
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Definition
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| Pure water has a(an)_______pH. |
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| The property of carbon which gives it a great bonding capacity-the basis for its importance in forming organic molecules. |
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Definition
| four valence electrons-allowing it to form multiple covalent bonds |
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| List four major classes of biological molecules(carbon based molecules)as discussed in class. |
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Definition
| Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, Nucleic Acids |
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| A_____is a small molscule combined with other similar or identical molecules to make a_____. |
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Definition
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| a Polysaccharide is a carbohydrate polymer made of many |
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Definition
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| Name all the types of complex carbohydrates. |
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Definition
| starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin |
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| _____are organic molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different spatial arrangements? |
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Definition
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| Fat and oils belong to this class of carbon-based molecules |
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Definition
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| Oils are liquids at room tempetures because they have unsaturated fatty acids. This means that |
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Definition
| there is at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the fatty acids |
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| Phospholipids are a type of lipid that have a______head and a_____tail. |
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Definition
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| This type of lipid has four carbon rings as its central element. |
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Definition
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| Amino acids are monomers that link together to form ____in______ |
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Definition
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| Scientists have identified over 100,000 proteins so far. All of these different proteins are formed by different sequences of just how many amino acids? |
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| In the levels of protein structure, quaternary structure is |
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Definition
| when two or more polypeptide chains come together. |
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| Protein function in the human body as |
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Definition
| protective agents, enzymes, modes of transport, and hormones |
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| Nucliec acids are made of monomers called |
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Definition
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| ____and____ are important nucleic acid polymers. |
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Definition
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| Name four different nitrogenous bases(full names, not just letters)that may occur in the nucleotide found in DNA. |
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Definition
| adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine |
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| (T or F) Every form of life is a cell or is composed of cells. |
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Definition
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| Prokaryotic calls are generally |
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Definition
| smaller than eukaryotic cells, simpler than eukaryotic cells, and lack most of the organelles found in eukaryotic cells. |
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| Found in the nucleus, DNA has recipes for making |
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Definition
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| DNA instructions are copied to this single chain molecule, It the carries those instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome. |
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| Gel-like fluid in which organelles are suspended in a cell |
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| Numerous,hair-like extentions of the cytoskeleton(external to teh cell) that move back and forth rapidly in order to move a cell |
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| Membrane bound spheres that carry proteins and other molecules within the cell. |
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| Provides energy for the cell; smooth outer membrane, convoluted inner membrane |
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| Digest worn out cellular materials and forgien materials |
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| Site of protein synthesis, where mRNA gets 'read' |
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| Edits, sorts, packages, and distributes proteins; network of membranes |
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Definition
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| Where polypeptide chain folds into a protien, aids in protein processing; network of membranes |
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Definition
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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| Site of lipid synthesis and detoxification of harmful substances; network of membranes |
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Definition
| Smooth Edoplasmic Reticulum |
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| Control center of the cell;houses DNA, where mRNA is created |
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Definition
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| Protein filaments;function in cell structure, cell movement, and transport of material with in the cell |
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Definition
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| (T or F) The proper order of protein production in a cell is DNA instructions copied to mRNAin nucleus, in the cytoplasmmRNA meets with ribosome and amino acid chain production begins. Ribosomes attaches to golgi complex and releases completes protein inside. Protein leaves golgi complex in a transport vesicle with proteinmeets smooth endoplasmic reticulum where the proteinis edited, protein shipped from SER in transport vesicle to cell membrane and released. |
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| Plant cells have this, but animal cells don't. |
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Definition
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| Very large plant organelle, composed mostly of water-maintains pressure in the cell, responsible for storage and waste degradation. |
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| ____is defined as the capacity to make things move or change condition |
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Definition
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| Breaking macromolecules is accomplished by_____reactions. In which water molecules are broken to give OH and H ions to monomers. Thsi reaction_______. |
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Definition
| Hydrolysis, releases energy |
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| The 'energy currancy'molecule of the cell is |
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Definition
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| ATP has such a large capacity to hold and transfer energy due to the energy required to put its three phosphate groups next to each other. Putting these three phosphate groups next to each other requires a geed amount of energy because they |
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Definition
| are negativly chargedand naturally repel each other. |
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| ______ raises the energy to start a chemical reaction, and are not affected by chemical reactions, so they are not used up. |
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Definition
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| Building macromolecules within organisms requires energy, thus these reactions are |
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Definition
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| ____is the main component of the plasma membrane, hydrophilic heads point outward, hydrophobic tails point inward |
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Definition
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| Among otherthings, these components of the plasma membranefacilitate movement of ionsor molecules across the plasma membrane |
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Definition
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| Mode of bulk transport; movement of materials out of the cell via fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane; oftenmany molecules moved at once. |
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Definition
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| type of endocytosis;extentions of cell membrane surround large object and fuse together; way to bring in largest materials. |
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Definition
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| type of passive transport;movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration |
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Definition
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| Type of endocytosis;area of membrane sinks in and pinches off. bringing in materials, often liquid or small particles |
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Definition
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| type of passive transport;passage of maerials with their concentration gradient(high to low);requires a transport protein,but no energy |
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Definition
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| type of passive transport;movement of molecules down their concentration gradient(higher to lower);does not require a protein channel or energy |
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Definition
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| passage of materials against their concentration gradient(low to high); requires a transport protein and energy |
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Definition
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| ______is a process occurring in the body in which chemical bonds of energy rich molecules(ex.Glucose) are converted into energy usable for life functions. |
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| _____is the process occuring in plants in which energy from sunlight is harnessed to produce food. |
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| What is the proper word equation describing cellular respiration. |
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Definition
| glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy |
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| What i sthe proper word equation describing photosynthesis? |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide + water + sunlight = glucose + oxygen |
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| The most important electron carrier molecule in energy TRANSFER is |
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Definition
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| The four stages of cellular respiration are |
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Definition
| glycolysis, prepatory reaction, krebs cycle, electron transport chain. |
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| This stage of cellular respiration produces by far the most ATP molecules. |
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Definition
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| The glycolosis stage of cellular respiration yeilds____ NADH and ____ATP. |
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Definition
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| In cellular respiration, one molecule of glusoce yeilds____ ATP molecules. |
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Definition
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| This type of plastid organelle, found in plant leaves, is the site of photosynthesis. |
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Definition
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| This pigment, which absorbs sunlight, is the primary pigment in plant photosynthesis. |
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Definition
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| This stage of photosynthesis is the energy capturing stage, where energy from sunlight is converted to chemical energy. |
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| This stage of photosythesis is the synthesis stage, where energy from the previous stage is used to make glucose(food). |
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Definition
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| (EC)What is the molecular formula for glucose? |
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Definition
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| (EC)In class, we looked at several ways of representing molecules. Which model most closely resembles the way molecules appear in nature. |
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| (EC)DNA is the molecule which contains the genetic information of an individual. DNA is short for ________________. |
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Definition
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| (EC)Give an example of a substance that has a low pH, and an example of a substance with a high pH. Label which is low and which is high. |
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Definition
Vinegar or lemon juice - Low pH
Lye, milk of magnesia,&ammonia- High pH |
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| (EC)______reactions involve a removal of hydrogen atoms and a loss of electrons, while _______reactions involve an acceptance of hydrogen atoms and a gain of electrons. |
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Definition
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