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Final Exam: Section 6
Diseases of Cognition: Alzheimer's & Schizophrenia
45
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Undergraduate 3
12/15/2015

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Term
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by ______, a state of confusion accompanied by loss of short & long term memory
Definition
dementia
Term
The early stages of _____ are marked by transient confusion, loss of short-term memory, visuospatial deficits, errors in judgment, restlessness, lethargy, & depression
Definition
Alzheimer's disease
Term
In advanced stages, ______ patients exhibit severe cognitive decline, loss of long-term memories, loss of speech, & loss of bodily functions that ultimately result in death ~8-10 years after symptom onset
Definition
Alzheimer's
Term
The principal anatomical features of ______ are plaques, tangles, neuronal degeneration, & synapse loss
Definition
Alzheimer's disease
Term
______ are dense spherical deposits of protein & cellular material in the extracellular space
Definition
senile plaques
Term
______ are tangled helical filaments of damaged cytoskeletal proteins proliferating intracellularly
Definition
neurofibrillary tangles
Term
Tangle density is highly correlated with ______ severity
Definition
dementia
Term
Plaque contains _____, a peptide fragment of beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta-APP)
Definition
beta-amyloid
Term
______ are enzymes that normally cleave APP into a 40 amino acid-long soluble & non-toxic fragment
Definition
secretases
Term
______ resembles the substance that causes tooth decay - a toxic deposit that attacks healthy tissue
Definition
plaque
Term
Insoluble clumps of ______ beta-amyloid ultimately damage cellular processes, which become swollen & distorted near plaques
Definition
fibrillar
Term
The chief component of tangles is a protein called _____
Definition
tau
Term
Tau normally functions to bind & stabilize _____
Definition
microtubules
Term
In Alzheimer's disease, chemically altered tau twists into ______
Definition
paired helical filaments
Term
Disruption of its major inputs & outputs isolated the hippocampus from the rest of the brain, causing ______
Definition
short term memory loss
Term
Alzheimer's disease cortex exhibits _____ loss that is exaggerated compared to normal aging
Definition
synapse
Term
_______ loss in Alzheimer's is greatest in the hippocampus & association cortices & least in primary sensory & motor areas
Definition
synapse
Term
Reduction of synapses is the primary cause of cognitive impairment & loss of ______
Definition
long term memory
Term
Synapse/volume loss is associated with a comparable reduction in ______ activity
Definition
metabolic
Term
Changes in ______ underlie the abnormal behaviors & mood associated with Alzheimer's
Definition
limbic circuitry
Term
Nearly half of all familial cases of Alzheimer's involve mutations in three genes of different chromosomes: _____, _____, & ______
Definition
APP, presenilin 1, & presenilin 2
Term
Risk of late-onset ______ is increased with inheritance of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele on chromosome 19, whereas the ApoE epsilon 2 may be protective against it
Definition
Alzheimer's
Term
______ is a cognitive disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality
Definition
schizophrenia
Term
_______ of schizophrenia represent the experience of sensations or ideas that are normally absent
Definition
positive symptoms
Term
______ of schizophrenia represent the absence of expressions that are normally present
Definition
negative symptoms
Term
Early on, schizophrenia was thought to result form excessive ______ in cortical & limbic pathways
Definition
dopamine transmission
Term
Psychosis can be induced by drugs that increase dopamine transmission, such as ______
Definition
amphetamine
Term
Drugs that block dopamine transmission, such as ______, can be used to treat schizophrenia
Definition
antipsychotics
Term
There is a strong correlation between the clinically effective dose of antipsychotics for schizophrenia & their affinity for the dopamine ______ receptor subtype
Definition
D2
Term
Dysfunction of the ______ is thought to be the cause of schizophrenia
Definition
prefrontal cortex
Term
Patients with ______ damage exhibit characteristics that resemble the negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Definition
frontal lobe
Term
The ______ cortex of the prefrontal cortex includes the cortical areas lying in the adjacent to the principal sulcus
Definition
dorsolateral
Term
The ______ cortex of the prefrontal cortex includes regions along the ventromedial surface
Definition
orbitofrontal
Term
_______ regions of the prefrontal cortex have prominent interconnections with limbic structures
Definition
orbitofrontal
Term
The _____ organizes behavior across time in order to plan for the future
Definition
PFC
Term
The PFC mediates ______, the ability to temporarily store information & use it to guide future actions
Definition
working memory
Term
______ is tested by tasks that impose a delay between sensory cues & motor responses
Definition
working memory
Term
The _____ is responsible for inhibiting inappropriate behaviors
Definition
PFC
Term
Functional imaging studies indicate that the normal increase in cerebral blood flow to the _____ during working memory tasks is markedly reduced in schizophrenic patients
Definition
PFC
Term
MRI images suggest a ~10% reduction in _____ & widening of sulci in schizophrenics
Definition
cortical volume
Term
Reduced cortical thickness in schizophrenics is associated with enlargement of the ______, the most consistent clinical observation of the disorder
Definition
lateral ventricles
Term
Postmortem studies of ______ patients reveal no change in cell number in the PFC but rather a loss of neurophil
Definition
schizophrenia
Term
There are major disruptions of ______ neurons in schizophrenics
Definition
GABA local circuit
Term
Since there is no evidence for ______, schizophrenia is not a neurodegenerative disease
Definition
reactive gliosis
Term
Schizophrenia develops after puberty, so it is a ______ disorder
Definition
neurodevelopmental
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