Term
| Spiny pyramidal neurons contain ______ & are excitatory |
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Definition
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| Spiny pyramidal neurons are _____ neurons & their major axons enter the white matter |
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| Cells in _____ layers tend to project to subcortical targets |
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Definition
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| Layer ____ cells tend to project to the thalamus, mainly to specific relay nuclei |
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Definition
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| Layer _____ cells tend to project to non-thalamic structures |
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Definition
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| Cells in ______ layers tend to project to other cortical areas |
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Definition
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| Both layers 2 & 3 have ______ projections |
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Definition
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Term
| Layer _____ is the primary source of callosal axons that travel to the opposite hemisphere |
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Definition
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| Commissural projections are _____ if they innervate the same cytoarchitectonic division on the opposite side & ______ if they innervate a different cortical division |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ cell is the only known type of excitatory interneuron in the cortex |
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Definition
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| Most local circuit neurons are inhibitory _____ cells with smooth, aspiny dendrites |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ cell makes local connections & synapses onto the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| The _____ cell gives rise to vertically directed axons that target the distal dendrites of pyramidal cells & non-pyramidal cells across multiple layers |
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Definition
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Term
| Large _____ cells have axons that spread horizontally & synapse onto the soma & proximal dendrites of pyramidal neurons within the same layer |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ cells inhibit other pyramidal neurons, providing the necessary connections for feedback, feedforward, & lateral inhibition as well as more complex processing |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ cells synapse onto the distal dendrites of both pyramidal neurons & other interneurons (the latter for potential disinhibition) |
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Definition
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Term
| Most ______ input to pyramidal cells terminate distally, while most _____ inputs terminate proximally |
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Definition
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Term
| In sensory cortices, the major excitatory input is from _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Specific thalamic nuclei terminate in layer _____ on stellate cells or pyramidal neurons, with additional sparse inputs to basket cells |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ afferents constitute the major excitatory input to association regions & synapse mainly onto pyramidal or stellate neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ cortico-cortical afferents originate from layers 2/3 & terminate in layer 4 |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ cortico-cortical afferents originate from layers 5/6 & terminate in layers 1 & 6 |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ afferents synapse primarily within layer 1 & innervate the distal dendrites of pyramidal cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Intralaminar thalamic inputs increase the overall _____ of cortical neurons to promote a conscious state that is able to process information |
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Definition
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Term
| The entire cortex receives modulatory inputs from _______ & ______ containing cells located in the reticular formation, basal forebrain, & hypothalamus |
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Definition
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Term
| Cortical regulation of complex behaviors involves ______ of separate stimulus features through divergent pathways |
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Definition
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| Cortical regulation of behavior involves ______ of increasingly complex stimulus features |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ is involved in decision making, executive functions, & future planning |
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Definition
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Term
| The prefrontal cortex, limbic cortex, & parietal-temporal-occipital cortex make up the three major ______ |
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Definition
| multimodal association cortices |
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Term
| The _______ occurs at the interface of higher order somatic, visual, & auditory regions |
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Definition
| parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex |
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Term
| _______ requires the convergence of visual & proprioceptive information |
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Definition
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Term
| Damage to parietal-occipital association cortex gives rise to ______, difficulty in using visual guidance to perform motor tasks or to reach for & grasp objects |
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Definition
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| Damage to association cortex within the temporal lobe leads to ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the inability to recognize objects by touch based on their texture, size, & weight |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the inability to distinguish visual shapes |
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Definition
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Term
| Right parietal association damage leads to ______, a tendency to ignore sensory information from the opposite side of the body |
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Definition
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| Neglect occurs in both the ______ & ______ domains |
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Definition
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| Neglect affects information that is called to mind from ______ |
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Definition
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| Patients with hemi-neglect exhibit _______ (difficulty in copying or constructing figures) |
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Definition
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Term
| Cortical functions that are not conducted equally in both hemispheres exhibit _______ |
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Definition
| cerebral lateralization/hemispheric dominance |
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Term
| ______ is the tendency to develop fine motor control in only one hand |
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Definition
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| Language is lateralized, being more developed in the _____ hemisphere |
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Definition
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| Broca's area is important for the ______ of speech |
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Definition
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| Wernicke's area is important for the ______ of speech |
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Definition
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| In reading, written words are processed through visual cortices, then in ______ for comprehension |
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Definition
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Term
| In listening to spoken words, the auditory signals are processed through auditory cortices & then in ______ for comprehension |
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Definition
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Term
| Patients with damage to ______ have motor (expressive) aphasia |
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Definition
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Term
| Patients with motor aphasia suffer impaired speech ability & experience ______, the inability to write |
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Definition
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Term
| Patients with damage to ______ exhibit sensory (receptive) aphasia |
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Definition
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| Patients with sensory aphasia exhibit ______, the inability to read |
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Definition
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Term
| Patients with damage to both Broca's & Wernicke's/medial temporal areas have _____ |
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Definition
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