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Final Exam: Section 2
Reticular Formation & Regulation of Conscious States
57
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Undergraduate 3
12/15/2015

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Term
The reticular formation (______) is a phylogenetically old part of brainstem that contains over 100 loosely distributed nuclei that functionally link higher brain centers with the spinal cord, maintain vegetative functions, & regulate states of arousal & consciousness
Definition
tegmentum
Term
The structure of RF cells is consistent with their capacity to ______ & to communicate with widespread areas of the nervous system
Definition
integrate information
Term
The ______ of cells in the RF are long & typically oriented perpendicular to the neuroaxis
Definition
dendrites
Term
Many ______ of RF neurons exhibit extensive branching in the anterior-posterior direction that connects them with other tegmental neurons & with the thalamus & spinal cord
Definition
axons
Term
Afferents provide ascending ______ information & descending ______ signals
Definition
sensory; motor
Term
The main efferents are to the ______, ______, _______, & ______
Definition
spinal cord, cranial nerve nuclei, cerebellum, & thalamus
Term
Via ______, the RF gains access to widespread areas of cortex, through which it regulates conscious states
Definition
intralaminar thalamic nuclei
Term
_______ neurons embedded in the RF project diffusely to large parts of the brain & project directly to the cortex without being relayed through the thalamus
Definition
monoamine
Term
______ are small molecules with an amine group as part of their structure
Definition
monoamines
Term
Monoamines are ______ that regulate global aspects of brain function by controlling cell excitability
Definition
modulators
Term
Monoamines are involved in the regulation of _____
Definition
sleep-wake cycles
Term
Serotonin is active in the _______
Definition
raphe nuclei
Term
Norepinephrine is active in the ______
Definition
locus coeruleus
Term
Acetylcholine is active in the _______ & the ______
Definition
pedunculopontine/laterdorsal tegmentum & basal forebrain
Term
Histamine is active in the ______
Definition
tuberomammillary hypothalamus
Term
Dopamine is active in the ______
Definition
ventral tegmental area
Term
In addition to monoamines, important ______ containing cells in the lateral hypothalamic area have widespread projections to cortex & thalamus & regulate arousal
Definition
peptide
Term
Lindsley, Moruzzi, & Magoun demonstrated that ______ is an active process
Definition
sleep
Term
The RF is necessary for the maintenance of conscious awake states, so this region of the brainstem is called the ______
Definition
reticular activating system
Term
EEG records the ______ conducted from the cortex through the head
Definition
waves of electrical activity
Term
Electrodes that can record eye movements are called ______, & ones that can record muscle tone are called ______
Definition
electro-oculogram; electromyogram
Term
The EEG represents ______ activity
Definition
summed
Term
When groups of cells fire in a ______ manner, they produce large amplitude electrical signals
Definition
synchronized
Term
When cells fire in a ______ manner, they produce small amplitude electrical signals
Definition
desynchronized
Term
At rest with eyes closed, cortical activity is moderately synchronized in slow, small amplitude ______ waves
Definition
alpha
Term
When alert & concentrating on a task, lower amplitude more frequent _____ waves reflect desynchronized firing
Definition
beta
Term
The first definitive EEG sign of the sleep state occurs in Stage II & is called a ______
Definition
sleep spindle
Term
By Stage ______, the amplitude of synchronous EEG increases dramatically, while the frequency declines
Definition
IV
Term
After an episode of slow-wave sleep, the EEG reverts to an awake pattern called _______ sleep
Definition
rapid eye movement (REM)
Term
The EMG will reveal ______ during REM sleep
Definition
muscle atonia
Term
The person will be unresponsive to arousal in REM sleep, so this stage is called _______
Definition
paradoxical sleep
Term
The EOG will reveal _______ during REM sleep as if the person is watching an event
Definition
rapidly twitching eye movements
Term
Most dreaming occurs during ______
Definition
REM sleep
Term
In ______, a person deprived of REM sleep will spend twice the duration in REM the following night
Definition
REM rebound
Term
Both REM & non-REM sleep are necessary for ______
Definition
memory consolidation
Term
Through its diffuse projections to the intralaminar nuclei, the ______ is positioned to control conscious states & the EEG pattern
Definition
mesencephalic RF
Term
In the alert state, the excitatory projections of the MRF to the intralaminar nuclei cause thalamic & cortical activity to _____
Definition
desynchronize
Term
Under ______ conditions, the thalamus & cortex can process meaningful sensory information
Definition
desynchronizing
Term
As the MRF drive to thalamocortical circuitry falls below a certain threshold, the thalamic & cortical cells begin to fire in a ______, oscillatory manner
Definition
synchronized
Term
The successive recruitment & suppression of cell firing in synchronized states produces _____ waves
Definition
delta
Term
Under _____ conditions, the thalamus & cortex cannot process meaningful extrinsic signals
Definition
synchronized
Term
The modulatory cell groups that project directly to cortex are typically most active during ______, when their regulation of cell excitability helps to keep the cortex active & suppress rhythmic forms of activity
Definition
wakefulness
Term
The onset of ______ is correlated with increased activity in the ventrolateral preoptic area of the hypothalamus
Definition
non-REM sleep
Term
______ neurons suddenly switch to high activity at the onset of sleep
Definition
GABA
Term
Stimulation of the VLPO induces sleep in animals & lesions there produce _____
Definition
insomnia
Term
The VLPO reduces the excitability of cortical & thalamic cells during ______
Definition
non-REM sleep
Term
Lesions of the TMN histamine cell group produce ____, as do anti-histamine drugs
Definition
somnolence
Term
_____ neurons begin to fire at the onset of REM sleep
Definition
GABA
Term
______ during REM sleep is the result of inhibition of motor neurons
Definition
muscle atonia
Term
_____ neurons in the sublaterodorsal nucleus of the pons are activated by the cholinergic PPT/LDT
Definition
glutamate
Term
SLD neurons project directly to the spinal cord & indirectly to glutamate neurons in the ______ which also project to the spinal cord
Definition
supraolivary medulla
Term
Glutamate projections activate GABA/glycine interneurons in the ______ that then inhibit motor neurons
Definition
spinal cord
Term
Failure of the complex orchestration of REM sleep causes ______ of the various components & creates conditions in which portions of the sleep state are missing or expressed at inappropriate times
Definition
fragmentation
Term
Animals or humans that vigorously act out their dreams have a condition known as ______
Definition
REM behavior disorder
Term
Patients with _____ have excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy, & hypnagogic & hypnopompic hallucinations
Definition
narcolepsy
Term
Human narcoleptics have greatly reduced _____ neurons in the lateral hypothalamic area
Definition
orexin
Term
______ is expressed by 20-30% of the normal population & represents the inappropriate intrusion of cortical sensory processing & consciousness into the REM sleep state
Definition
sleep paralysis
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