means taking on a new culture’s beliefs, values, norms, and social practices

occurs when an individual or group retains its original cultural identity while seeking to maintain harmonious relationships with other cultures

occurs if a culture does not want positive relationships with another culture and wants to retain its cultural characteristics

occurs when the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want intercultural contact with a cultural group and a forced separation occurs

occurs when individuals or groups neither retain their cultural heritage nor maintain positive contacts with other cultural groups

The adaptation process has three dimensions.

• The ability to deal with psychological stress.
• The skill in communicating with others both effectively and appropriately.
• The proficiency in establishing interpersonal relationships.

• The concern whether it is considered important to maintain one’s cultural identity and to display its characteristics.
• The concern whether people believe it is important to maintain relationships with their outgroups

is the process by which people establish and maintain relatively stable, helpful, and mutually shared relationships with others upon relocating to an unfamiliar cultural setting.

Includes physical (food, climate, housing), biological (viruses and bacteria), and social (ingroup-outgroup) changes.

Support from the top; those in charge must support the intercultural contact.

Involved must have a personal stake in the outcome;

The actual intercultural contacts are viewed as pleasing and constructive; cooperative and enjoyable interactions make people feel good about their experiences and increases the prospects for further intercultural contacts.

Those involved should share common goals or view the interaction as allowing them to achieve their individual goals.

Gathering information about the multiple perspectives that will inevitably be present.

Maintaining flexibility and a willingness to adapt to differing situations, issues, and needs.

 Building social relationships as well as task cohesion. Clearly identifying and emphasizing mutual long-term goals.

Healthcare context

Education context

Business context

The magico-religious or personalistic approach refers to a belief that health and illness are closely linked to uncontrollable supernatural forces.

The holistic or naturalistic approach refers to a belief that humans desire to maintain a sense of harmony with the forces of nature.

 The biomedical or Western approach refers to beliefs that a person’s health is controlled by biochemical forces

• Cultural patterns
• Social roles
• Rules of interaction
•  Interaction scenes
• Interaction contexts

Passive strategies involve quiet and surreptitious observation of another person to learn how he or she behaves.

Active strategies include efforts to obtain information about another person by asking others or structuring the environment to place the person in a situation that provides the needed information.

Interactive strategies involve actually conversing with the other person in an attempt to gather the needed information.

The control dimension (status difference), has great potential for people’s actions to be interpreted as face-threatening especially when large power or status differences exist.

The affiliation dimension (social distance), threatens face when there is large social distance and little social familiarity between communicators.

Culture-specific evaluations, occur when a set of behaviors is considered acceptable by one communicator’s culture and not the other’s

The face-need for control is concerned with people’s need for others to acknowledge their individual autonomy, freedom of action, and self-sufficiency.

The face-need for approval is concerned with people’s need for others to acknowledge their friendliness and honesty.

The face-need for admiration involves people’s need for others to acknowledge their capabilities, success, reputation, and accomplishments

Face is social; it refers to the public or social image of an individual that is held by others therefore it is only meaningful when considered in relation to others in the social network.

Face is an impression, which may or may not be shared by all, that may differ from a person’s self-image.

Face refers only to the favorable social attributes that people want others to acknowledge

The autonomy-connection dialectic refers to the extent to which individuals in an interpersonal relationship vary from a desire for separation to a feeling of attachment. The novelty-predictability dialectic refers to people’s desire for change and stability in their interpersonal relationships.

The openness-closedness dialectic refers to people’s desire to share or withhold personal information

• Control involves status or social dominance.
• Affiliation is used by members of a culture to interpret the degree of friendliness, liking, social warmth, or immediacy that is being communicated.
•  Activation refers to the ways people react to the world around them

Direct-indirect

Cultures that prefer a direct style, use verbal messages that are explicit in revealing the speaker’s true intentions and desires.

Cultures that prefer an indirect style, will veil the speaker’s true wants and needs with ambiguous statements

• Direct-indirect
• Elaborate-succinct
• Personal-contextual
• Instrumental-affective

supply the underlying assumptions that people within a culture use to determine what is “correct” and reasonable, and they provide the persuader’s justification for linking the evidence to the conclusions desired from the audience

The quasilogical style—the use of objective statistics and testimony from expert witnesses and is used by many Western cultures.

The presentational style—emphasizes and appeals to the emotional aspects of persuasion.

The analogical style—establishes an idea (a conclusion) and to persuade the listener by providing an analogy, a story, or a parable in which there is either an implicit or explicit lesson to be learned

• Interaction between a speaker and an audience
• Speaker intention to urge an audience to accept a point of view or conclusion
•  Use of evidence Establishing connections between pieces of evidence, and
• Ordering evidence into a meaningful arrangement

Evidence is what a persuader offers to those she or he is trying to persuade. There are no universally accepted standards about what constitutes evidence, or about how evidence should be used in support of claims or conclusions

Cultures have distinct preferences for organizing ideas and presenting them in writing and public speeches. Organizational preferences in the use of U.S. English

The thesis statement and the paragraph are the central organizing components of U.S. English speeches.

U.S. English progresses linearly (in a straight line) toward a stated goal or idea

The many qualities of the voice, in addition to the actual meaning of the words, form the vocalic nonverbal communication system. Vocalic qualities include pitch, rate of talking, conversational rhythm, and volume. Vocalics convey meanings beyond the words that are spoken

It is one of the most fundamental parts of the human experience. Touch can express positive and/or negative feelings, indicate playfulness, establish control and social dominance, and be used to accomplish tasks.

Cultural differences in touch can lead to difficulties in intercultural communication. Cultures can differ in the amount of touching, where people can be touched, who can touch whom, and in the settings or occasions touch is acceptable

Emblems are nonverbal behaviors that have a direct verbal counterpart Illustrators are nonverbal behaviors that are directly tied to the verbal message.

 Regulators are nonverbal behaviors that help control the flow and sequencing of communication.

European Americans use eye contact, leaning forward and opening mouth to regulate conversations

• Physical appearance
• Environment Body movement (kinesics)
• Space (proxemics)
• Touch (haptics)
• Voice (vocalics)
•  Time (chronemics)

• Provide information
• Manage impressions of oneself and others
•  Express emotions
•  Regulate interactions such as sequencing during conversations
• Convey relationship messages.

Nonverbal messages are often used to accent the verbal message.

Nonverbal messages can complement verbal messages. Nonverbal messages can contradict the verbal message.

Nonverbal messages help regulate the interaction controlling the back-and forth sequencing of conversations.

Nonverbal messages can serve as a substitute for a verbal channel when communicators simply use a nonverbal movement to communicate something instead of using language

Whereas verbal codes are language-based, nonverbal codes are not. Nonverbal communication is a multichanneled process that is usually performed spontaneously; it typically involves a subtle set of nonlinguistic behaviors that are often enacted subconsciously. Although nonverbal and verbal codes are discussed separately, they are inseparably linked together.

Dialects are versions of a language with distinctive vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation that are spoken by particular groups of people, or within particular regions. Accents are distinguishable marks of pronunciation.

Translation - use of verbal signs of one language to make sense of the verbal signs in another language

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis of linguistic relativity

The “firmer” view holds that language functions like a prison, meaning that once people learn a language they are irrevocably affected by its particulars.

The “softer” view holds that language shapes how people think and experience their world, but that this influence is not unceasing.

Vocabulary equivalence—finding a word in the target language that has the same meaning in the source language.

Idiomatic equivalence—expressions that have a meaning contrary to the usual meanings of the words. Grammatical-syntactical equivalence—transferring the grammatical rule system of one language to another.

Experiential equivalence—words that have meaning within the experiential framework of the receiver. Conceptual equivalence—how different cultures define reality.

Denotative vs. Connotative meanings

refers to the study of the meanings of words.

Denotative meanings are the more public, objective, dictionary-based meanings.

Connotative meanings are the more personal, emotionally charged, private, individually-based meanings.

Symbols

are words, actions, or objects that stand for or represent a unit of meaning

refers to the rules of language for combining phonemes (basic units of sound).