repetition in the first part of a clause or sentence of a prominent word from the latter part of the preceding clause or sentence, usually with a change or extension of meaning

Example: Our doubt is our passion, and our passion is our task.

Repetitionof a word or words at the beginning of two or more successive clauses, or sentences

Example: We do believe in equality, we do care for the world around us, we do make efforts to improve the world in which we live. 

A verbal pattern in which the second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with words in reverse grammatical error

Example: When the going gets tough, the tough gets going. 

The placing of a sentence or one of its parts against another to which it is opposed to form a balanced contrast of ideas

Example: Give me liberty or give me death.

A relation between expressions, usually consecutive, that have the same function and the same relation to other elements in the sentence, the second expression identifying or supplementing the first

Example: Washington, our first president, was the general in the American Revolution. 

The omission of conjunctions

Example: He has provided the poor with jobs, with opportunity, with self-respect.

A reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases

Example: He went to the country, to the town went she. 

A series of related ideas so arranged that each surpasses the preceding in force or intensity

Example: Those of us who loved him and who take him to his rest today, pray that what he was to us and what he wished for others will some day come to pass for all the world. 

the omission from a sentence or other construction of one or more words that would complete or clarify the construction

Example: The streets were deserted, the doors bolted. 

His brow was furrowed, his mouth peevish. 

A repetition of a word or a phrase with intervening words setting off the repetition, sometimes occurring with a phrase used both at the beginning and end of a sentence

Example: Only the poor really know what it is to suffer, only the poor. 

The repetition of a word or words at the end of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences

Example: Don't you ever talk about my friends! You don't know any of my friends. You don't look at any of my friends. And you certainly wouldn't condescend to speak to any of my friends. 

Obvious and intentional exaggeration

Example: I had to wait an eternity. 

A figure of speech or sentence having a parallel structure formed by the use of two or more clauses of similar length

Example: The bigger they are, the harder they fall. 

Agreement in the tense of the verb

Example: I wrote, I cried, I screamed, I jumped when I got my timed write back.

A qualifying, explanatory, or appositive word, phrase, clause, or sentence that interrupts a syntactic construction without otherwise affecting it, having often a characteristic intonation and indicated in writing by commas, parentheses or dashes

Example: Timed writes (which make or brake your grade) are quite stressful for AP students. 

Repitition of a word in a different case or inflection in the same sentence

Example: My heart's own heart. 

The use of a number of conjunctions in close succession

Example: "Let the whitefolks have their money and power and segregation and sarcasm and big houses and schools and lawns like carpets, and books, and mostly--mostly--let them have their whiteness." -Maya Angelou 

A question asked solely to produce an effect or to make an assertion and not to elicit a reply

Example: Do compromises ever fully resolve an issue?

Who has the right to make choices for humanity as a whole?

 Declarative 

(Syntax: Functional)

The kind of sentence that makes a statement or declares something

Example: He eats yogurt.

 Interrogative 

(Syntax: Functional)

The kind of sentence that asks a question and uses a question mark

Example: How do I do that?

 Imperative 

(Syntax: Functional)

The kind of sentence that commands a person to do something, stern-like,  omitting the subject

Example: Eat a pear. 

Exclamatory 

(Syntax: Function)

The kind of sentence which expresses excitement or urgency with an exclamation point

Example: I got a nine on my timed write!

Simple 

(Syntax: Grammatical)

A sentence only having one clause

Example: Finals are a stressful time for AP students. 

Compound 

(Syntax: Grammatical)

A sentence containing two or more coordinate independent clauses usually joined by one or more conjunctions, but no dependent clause

Example: I am eating bananas; I'm watching television. 

Complex 

(Syntax: Grammatical)

A sentence containing one or more dependent clauses in addition to the main clause

Example: When the bell rings, walk out. 

Compound-Complex 

(Syntax: Grammatical)

A sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Example: The lightening flashed and the rain fell as he entered the house. 

Periodic 

(Syntax: Rhetorical)

A sentence that begins with all the details of the sentence, and ends with the subject and verb which creates an effect of surprise

Example: Unable to join the others at the dance because I of my sprained ankle, I went to a movie like a loner.

Cumulative 

(Syntax: Rhetorical)

Begins the sentence with the subject and verb and ends with the details

Example: I went to the movies like a loner, for I was unable to go to the dance with my friends because of my sprained ankle. 

Analysis asks "what, how, and why" did the author do/use what they did/used to convey their argument while a summary is a brief overview with no in-depth thinking required

Example: The difference between a four and six or higher on an essay.

1. Read the piece and decide upon the PAPA elements

2. Pick out rhetorical devices and ask yourself "how and why" the author used these devices

3. Mix analysis into a summary of the piece

Diction 

(Analysis: Rhetorical Choices)

style of speaking or writing as dependent upon choice of words

Example: Farmers chose their methods of destruction. 

Farmers chose their solutions to the increasing pest problem. 

Syntax 

(Analysis: Rhetorical Choices)

the study of the rules ofr the formation of grammatical sentences in a language

Imagery 

(Analysis: Rhetorical Choices)

The formation of mental images or likenesses of things

Example: Her blue eyes were as bright as the sun, blue as the sky, but soft as silk. 

Figurative Language 

(Analysis: Rhetorical Choices)

Language that contains or uses figures of speech, especially metaphors

Example: The food smelled of heaven, if heaven could be associated with a single scent. 

Structure 

(Analysis: Rhetorical Choices)

the relationship or organization of the component parts of a work of literature

Tone 

(Analysis: Rhetorical Choices)

The manner in which something is referred to by an author

Example: Tones can be: amused, aggressive, cheerful, contemptuous, docile, diplomatic, etc... 

Defend

(Argument)

To agree with the author's claim

Example: I agree with Rachel Carson, that we must put an end to pesticides in order to preserve life on Earth. 

Refute 

(Argument)

To prove with evidence that an author's claim is false

Example: Carson is illogical in her claim that humanity is intentionally harming the environment because we are simply doing what humans were created to do: live. 

Qualify 

(Argument)

To set limits to an author's claim

Example: Carson is extremely passionate for ridding the Earth of pesticides, claiming that they are destroying everything about the world we live in but what she doesn't quite understand is the utter devestation that pests can initiate. Humans are (with best intentions) protecting themselves from this harm. 

An overall generalized statement setting up the argument and details to be discussed 

Example: Christmas is the best holiday. 

Tangible facts that can be used to back up the claim 

Example: Christmas gives families a chance to give and receive presents. Many traditions (both nationally and within families) which promotes its reoccurence. Besides, who doesn't like eating cookies, trying to wait up for Santa, and frantically unwrapping gifts?

The "why" 

It ties the evidence back to the claim and emphasizes why the claim is true

Example: Christmas promotes family bonding, and gift giving, two important qualities it wouldn't hurt to enjoy, therefore it is the best holiday because the others do not possess as many beneficial attributes. 

Ties the speaker, audience, and subject of discussion together

A complete piece or work

Example: Book titles

Silent Spring 

A part of a whole piece

Example: poems, chapters, short stories, articles 

"Elixers of Death"

"Respect"

Proper nouns, names of places, names of people, titles

Example: Johnny Appleseed

Central Park

Frank, outspoken, open and sincere

Free from reseration or disguise

Example: Candid opinions can sometimes be offensive, since they are said without consideration for the party involved.

Full of or characterized by lively interest

Example: He seems very enthusiastic about his timed write grade. 

Characteristic of or appropriate to ordinary or familiar conversation rather than formal speech or writing

Example: The contrast from formal speeches to the colloquial one Jim presented made him stand out because of his different approach. 

Serving to express an unfavorable judgement on, to indicate strong disapproval of 

Example: Rachel Carson is condemnatory when referring to the selfishness of mankind. 

An act of cruelty or violence, anything that strongly offends or insults feelings

Example: When the truth came out, many journalists were outraged. 

Uncontrollable emotion

Irrational from fear, emotion, or emotional shock

Example: After her car accident, the woman was hyserical and couldn't be calmed. 

To alleviate or lessen grief, sorrow, or disappointment of, give solace or comfort

Example: Only his children could console him when his wife died. 

Providing sympathy or encouragement

Example: His family was supportive of his attempts to be a writer. 

Characterized by, proceeding from, exhibiting, or feeling sympathy, compassionate

Example: My mom is a most sympathetic listener when I wish to release my anger.

To smile, laugh, or contort the face in a manner that shows scorn or contempt

Example: They sneered at his pretensions.

Showing or implying a usually patronizing descent from dignity or superiority

Example: They resented the older neighbors' condescending cordiality. 

Forming a premature opinion, usually negative

Example: The judgmental looks poor Becky received as of late made her self conscious about her new haircut. 

The order in which sentences are structured

When does one use a comma? A semicolon? What makes a sentence a fragment?

Know how to end a sentence!

Only use a comma if completely necessary! 

Know correct title punctuation!