Term
| What new direction did Descartes want to take philosophy in? |
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Definition
| epistemological inward turn |
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Term
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Definition
| to find a foundation of truth which he cannot doubt |
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Term
| How does Descartes find his foundation of truth? |
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Definition
| through deductive reasoning |
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Term
| What is deductive reasoning? |
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Definition
| major premise->minor premise->overall is true, a=c & b=c, then a=b |
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Term
| How does Descartes arrive at his goal? |
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Definition
| through radical doubt and skepticisim |
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Term
| Who's associated with "general sensory doubt"? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: theology is the best start for finding philosophical truth. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the general sensory doubt? |
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Definition
| the idea that our senses are wrong/deceiving; therefore, we cannot establish philosophy on them (ex:arcae) |
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Term
| Who is associated with the "dream doubt"? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who is associated with the "dream doubt"? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that if we can't trust our senses, we can't trust our mind/logic either, because it's possible that we could be in a dream |
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Term
| According to Descartes, can we trust mathematics? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the evil genius doubt? |
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Definition
| the idea that there is an evil genius in the universe who's deceiving us into thinking math is true |
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Term
| Who is associated with the "evil genius doubt"? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| only thing you can know is your own mind; only thing you can know is what you think you know |
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Term
| What is Descartes' foundational truth? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cogito ergo sum mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the thought behind cogito ergo sum. |
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Definition
| you cannot logically demonstrate existence, but can intuitively know existence; you are aware of your existence in process of thinking |
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Term
| What other philosopher has an idea similar to Descartes' "cogito ergo sum"? |
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Definition
| Augustine: si fallori sum |
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Term
| What can Descartes' foundation of truth also be interpreted as? |
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Definition
| I am therefore I think; existence is thinking, thinking is existence; being(reality) is mind, mind is being; *metaphysics+epistemology* |
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Term
| What happens after Descartes finds his foundational truth? |
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Definition
| he affirms everything else that he had previously doubted as existing |
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Term
| According to Descartes, what is philosophy built on? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are some criticisms with Descartes' foundational truth? |
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Definition
1) not clear what intuition is, and it's subjective
2) artificiality: it's as if he already knows where he's going, but is simply going through the motions |
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Term
| Who wrote "Critique of Pure Reason"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is Kant referred to as a "mediating philosopher"? |
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Definition
| he goes between philosophy, religion, and science, and tries to show limits of each in regards to knowledge of the truth |
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Term
| Who in science does Kant prefer? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does Kant like and dislike about Newton? |
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Definition
| Like: his math, specifically calculus and physics. Dislike: his thoughts lead to determinism(all behavior is determined by physical interactions, including free will; challenge to philosophy and religion |
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Term
| Who in philosophy does Kant like? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does Kant like and dislike about Hume? |
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Definition
| Like: his thoughts show the limits of human knowledge. Dislike: conflict with Newton- no scientific knowledge, and denies that philosophy can prove existence of external world, God, and the existence of the soul |
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Term
| Who in religion does Kant find threatening to philosophy, and why? |
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Definition
| Anselm, Aquinas, and Descartes; they're poor philosophers who fail at proving existence of God, and they don't argue well |
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Term
| What did Kant want philosophy to invert to? |
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Definition
| he wanted the mind to be the center of reality |
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Term
| Mind is center of reality/cosmos |
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Definition
| everything we think is true "out there" are projections of our mind; knowledge and truth conform to our mind |
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Term
| Who came up with the idea "concepts without percepts are empty, percepts without concepts are empty"? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Kant mean with his phrase about concepts and percepts? |
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Definition
| to avoid the two extremes of concepts or percepts only |
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Term
| Who's thought is Kant referring to when he says "concepts"? |
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Definition
| Plato's idea that knowledge is inborn/innate |
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Term
| Who's Kant referring to when he says "percepts"? |
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Definition
| Locke's view that our mind is a blank slate at birth |
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Term
| Who came up with the Doctrine of the Categories, and what was it a solution to? |
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Definition
| Kant, and it solved the problem of percepts and concepts |
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Term
| What is the Doctrine of the Categories? |
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Definition
1)the idea that we do have something inborn/innate in our mind: it's not knowledge, but a structure to the mind, which makes knowledge possible
2) that to make sense of the world we must have categories (space, time, causality) |
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Term
| What does Hume say about causality? |
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Definition
| you cannot know causality |
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Term
| In reference to the doctrine of the categories, what does Newton do? |
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Definition
| he used what was in his mind to describe the world; he fit the world to him |
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Term
| Who is the Transcendental Unity of Aperception associated with? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Transcendental Unity of Aperception? |
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Definition
| unifying all info and categories to give us knowledge and find the "real" you (concept of a soul |
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Term
| What's the noumenal world? |
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Definition
| the world of "thing in itself" |
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Term
| what's the phenomenal world? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does Kant have to say about noumenal vs. phenomenal? |
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Definition
| cannot know essence of a thing, but only our perceptions; there's a wall b/w nou. vs. phen. (the wall is that we can only know perceptions in our mind) |
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Term
| what does Hume say about neu. vs. phen.? |
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Definition
| that we cannot know anything about the objects around us |
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Term
| what is Kant's defense for what Hume says about neu. vs. phenom.? |
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Definition
| that we cannot know the essence, but we can know secondary traits of the objects through sceince |
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|
Term
| what is Newton's story of transcendental unity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the universal knowledge for Kant? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are Kant's ethics based on? |
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Definition
| practical reason instead of demonstrative knowledge |
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|
Term
| what are Kant's ethics based on? |
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Definition
| practical reason instead of demonstrative knowledge |
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Term
| what's the categorical imperative say? |
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Definition
| that it's reasonable to think we have a sense of oughtness(ought to do what's good-conscience) and that we have a moral obligation to act on this sense of oughtness; be true to ourselves |
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Term
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Definition
| supposed God-given laws; not morally obligated to act on, because can't prove that God exists |
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Term
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Definition
| human-made laws; no moral obligation t follow |
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Term
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Definition
| self-made laws; morally obligated to follow |
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Term
| who is associated with the theonomous, heteronomous, and autonomous laws? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What kind of ethicist is Kant? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| believe that as long as our intentions are good, it doesn't matter what the results are |
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Term
| consequentialism/telerlogical (ethics) |
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Definition
| believe that it doesn't matter the intention, as long as the results are good |
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Term
| What are the 3 regulating principles of ethics? |
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Definition
| 1) categorical imperative, 2) universal maxim, 3) to treat people as ends not means |
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|
Term
| what is the universal maxim? |
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Definition
| can't demonstrate a universal truth |
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|
Term
| what does Kant say about justice? |
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Definition
| that if we're being asked to live justly, and know we ought to live justly, then we are able to live justly |
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Term
| How does Kant respond to Newton's challenge of free will? |
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Definition
| he says that if you/society know you ought to do what's good, you must have the capacity to do what's good; therefore, have free will |
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Term
| what are Kant's thoughts on an afterlife? |
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Definition
| there's no perfect justice in this life, so there's reason to think there's an afterlife |
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Term
| what does Kant say about God/belief in God? |
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Definition
| it's practical to believe in God, because we must do what it is just and ethical, so there must be some sort of justice (God is justice by definition) |
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Term
| How does Kant prove the existence of God? |
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Definition
| says there's a "moral proof" for existence in God, and it's logically non-demonstrative |
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Term
| who believes in the gheist? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
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Definition
| the gheist is reality; it's a mind that connects all our minds together |
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Term
| Who are absolute idealists? |
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Definition
| Hegel, Ficta(sp?), and Shilling(sp?) |
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Term
| What does ficta(sp?) criticize Kant for? |
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Definition
| argues that Kant can't know that nou. world exists, because you can't distinguish knowable world from unknowable world unless you know the unknowable world |
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|
Term
| What does Hegel think of Kant's categories? |
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Definition
| his categories are reality, not just ways of knowing reality, they are it |
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Term
| What does Hegel says about reality? |
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Definition
| reality is an expression of infinite or absolute mind; expression of mind of the gheist |
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Term
| What does Hegel say in regards to metaphysics? |
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Definition
| metphysics is rational thought becoming aware of itself; what is rational is what is real and what is real is what is rational |
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Term
| who thinks that everything is a function of the knowing mind? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the ghesit? |
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Definition
| not an all-knowing god, learning god; gheist is slowly becoming aware of itself, has the potential to become a perfect being |
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Term
| Who's associated with triatic logic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| "both/and" logic; there's a thesis and an antithesis, then comes a synthesis (understanding); the synthesis then becomes the next thesis. *synthesis is a combo of things that seem to be opposites (a & t) |
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Term
| What's the fundamental triad? |
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Definition
| triangle of being and non-being on the bottom, with becoming at the top |
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|
Term
| What's Kant's view of the fundamental triad? |
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Definition
| he says you have to choose between being and non-being |
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Term
| What does Hegel say about the fundamental triad? |
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Definition
| he says that nothing fully is; is in state of becoming: what "is" and what "is not" |
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|
Term
| What does Aristotle say in regards to the fundamental triad? |
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Definition
| some sense of what it will be; don't get something from nothing |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| moment in which our existence is threatened; physical existence or your perspective on life |
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Term
| What are the main points of Kierkegaard's views? |
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Definition
| 1)logical uncertainty, 2)choice, 3)crisis, 4)courage |
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Term
| what's is logical uncertainty? |
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Definition
| the thought that we can never prove logically what we think is true |
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Term
| what does logical uncertainty ask about human existence? |
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Definition
| what does it mean to be human? what is life as lived by the individual, not the masses? |
|
|
Term
| what is choice, in regards to Kierkegaard's beliefs? |
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Definition
| whatever option we choose, it will effect the quality of our life; helps determine who you are |
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Term
| what is crisis? (Kierkegaard) |
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Definition
| we might be wrong given you can't prove things; not about apathy or regression, but about living the crisis; forced to make decisions |
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Term
| what is courage? (Kierkegaard) |
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Definition
| courage to live an authentic life, to be yourself and know yourself; fidelity to yourself; courage to get up in face of crisis and get up when you may be wrong or die at any moment |
|
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Term
| who is the "grandfather" of existentialism? and why? |
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Definition
| Socrates, because after he disarmed opponents they would look/reflect on themselves |
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|
Term
| who is one of the first existentialists? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Kierkegaard's definition of truth? |
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Definition
| an objective uncertainty held fast in an appropriation process of the most passionate inwardness |
|
|
Term
| what are objective truths? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are subjective truths? |
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Definition
| cannot be logically demonstrated to be true; not just intellectual connection, but emotional |
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|
Term
| what are the stage's along life's way? |
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Definition
| 1)aesthetic, 2)moral/ethical, 3)religios |
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|
Term
| who is associated with the stages along life's way? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the aesthetic stage? |
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Definition
| life is about pleasure(hedonism), rotational method: keep things going, keep consuming |
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|
Term
| what's the moral/ethical stage? |
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Definition
| living isn't entirely about oneself, but think about others as well; follow the law/rules=good citizen |
|
|
Term
| what's the religious stage? |
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Definition
| living live of faith; real you, your essence is that you're created in the image of good, so in this stage your living your true self |
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|
Term
| in which stage are you living as your true self? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the teleological suspension of the ethical. |
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Definition
| rules have been suspended for sake of something good; a higher law |
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|
Term
| what does moving from each stage require? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does Kierkegaard say about religion being a "blind leap of faith"? |
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Definition
| he says that it is a leap, but your not blind, and that you should think before you leap |
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Term
| who came up with the idea of "slave morality"? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
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Definition
| the idea that subscribing to codes of reality, which put us down in a way, and that Christianity teaches us to be meek and weak which insults human dignity |
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Term
| who came up with the idea of "ubermensche"? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| means over man/above human; says that we need to rise up and not be slaves to others values, but create our own values and subject others to it |
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Term
| nhilist (definition and association) |
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Definition
| no meaning/purpose in universe; Nietzsche |
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Term
| what's will to power and who's associated with it? |
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Definition
| act on desire to power and subordinate others to it; Nietzsche |
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Term
| who said "existence precedes essence" and what does it mean? |
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Definition
| Sartre, no real/core you, the real you is something you create with experiences; product of your choices |
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|
Term
| explain Sartre's idea of moral void. |
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Definition
| there are no moral guidelines in the universe; no moral/ethical truths; can't lean on God or nature; no ultimate plan |
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|
Term
| according to Sartre, how do you live life in bad faith? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| according to Sartre, what's the purpose of life projects? |
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Definition
| to use a means of self-discovery and bring meaning to your life |
|
|
Term
| what did Sartre mean when he said "hell is other people"? |
|
Definition
| we are often barriers to eachother's living a life of actualization and an authentic life |
|
|
Term
| where were majority of analytic philosophers from? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What was analytic philosophy concerned with? |
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Definition
| the logic of language; they believed the language of European philosophy had gotten sloppy |
|
|
Term
| why did analytic philosophers focus on religious statements? |
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Definition
| wondered if it was just faith or is there meaning behind it |
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|
Term
| who was a famous analytic philosopher and who was he influenced by? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what was special about Wittgenstein? |
|
Definition
| his early philosophy and later philosophy gave way to two different thoughts |
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|
Term
| what did Wittgenstein's early philosophy advocate? |
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Definition
| "picture theory of language": thought that when our words are meaningful, they mirror/picture reality out there |
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|
Term
| what did Wittgenstein's later thought consist of? |
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Definition
| that language is a game(language game): idea that language doesn't refer to things out there, but social constraints and rules; an agreed upon language of social interaction and its rules |
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|
Term
| what does pragmatism often lead to? |
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Definition
| relativisim with some social implication |
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|
Term
| Who are famous pragmatics? |
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Definition
| John Duey, Charles Peirce, and William James |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is true, is what works, what's practical |
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|
Term
| pragmatic view of religion |
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Definition
| if it's practical to believe in God, then it's true |
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Term
|
Definition
| truth is instrument of what we do |
|
|
Term
| Who are post-modernist philosophers? |
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Definition
| Derrida, Foucault, and Rorty |
|
|
Term
| what does post-modernism reject? |
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Definition
| 1) objectivism, 2) absolutisim: rejects meta-narrative(arcae), 3) ideo of logical certainty, 4) privilege of scientific method: knowing isn't just through observation and science, emotions and intuition too, 5)euro/american centrism, 6) epistemological individual: idea that one person can arrive at the truth (Descartes). group oriented |
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