Term
| According to Bibby, where is Canada's "Bible Belt" |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain Humanist perspectives in comparison to religious perspectives. |
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Definition
| Religious perspectives suggest that "our existence has inherent meaning" whereas humanists say we have to give it meaning. Humanism is more science-based. |
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Term
| Who thought that religion was a human creation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which theorist has the most functionalist approach to studying religion. Why? |
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Definition
| Durkheim. He focuses on how religions function in society and how they affect believers. |
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Term
| Who thought that religion would disappear eventually? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who saw religion as playing a gap-filling role? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which theorist believed that religion was the cause of capitalism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Stark and Glock's four requisites for commitment? |
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Definition
| Experience, Practice, Belief, and Knowledge. |
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Term
| Explain the church-sect typology. Who first distinguished between the two? |
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Definition
| Differentiating churches from sects based on their basis of theology and their relationship to society. Max Weber. |
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Term
| If Marx were right about religion, what group would be the most religious? What is this called? |
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Definition
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Term
| _ of 10 people in Canada believe in God. |
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Definition
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Term
| What percentage of people in Canada are Catholic? Protestant? Non-religious? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 factors taken into account in the "organizational approach"? |
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Definition
| Members, Goals, Norms/Roles, Sanctions, success. |
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Term
| What causes people to become relgious? |
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Definition
| Reflection, Socialization, Deprivation. |
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Term
| What group of religious people are most prejudiced? |
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Definition
| Those who are marginally involved. |
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Term
| What is the MOST indicating cause of religiosity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe a conflict crime. Is it mala en se or mala prohibita? |
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Definition
| There is debate over the severity of the act, or whether or not it should even be illegal. Its is mala prohibita. |
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Term
| List Hagan's types of deviance and crime from most severe to least severe. |
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Definition
| Consensus crimes, conflict crimes, social deviation, social diversion. |
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Term
| Describe social deviance. Give examples. |
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Definition
| Legal but stigmatized behaviour (eg. mental illness, drug abuse) |
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Term
| What would Hagan classify homosexuality as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What would Hagan classify a heavily tattooed person as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Differentiate between formal and informal controls. |
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Definition
| Formal controls are instituted by the government, law, bylaw. Informal controls are instituted by family and peers. |
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Term
| What is the most effective form of control? |
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Definition
| Internalized self-control |
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Term
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Definition
| A moral panic takes place when people think that crime and deviance has suddenly gotten worse than is acceptable, and generally worse than it is. |
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Term
| Name the 5 qualities for moral panics as defined in class |
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Definition
| Hostility, Volatility, Concern, Disproportionality, Consensus. |
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Term
| Define and name a proponent of Strain Theory. |
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Definition
| Suggests that people act deviantly when there is strain/stress/pressure upon them. Robert Merton. |
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Term
| Explain a ritualist as classified by Merton. |
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Definition
| someone who has the means to achieve the "good life" but does not aspire to such goals. |
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Term
| Explain and give an example of an innovator as defined by R. Merton. |
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Definition
| Someone who accepts and aspires for the "good life", but does not have means to obtain such a lifestyle. (eg. drug dealer, counterfeiter) |
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Term
| What is the most common type of deviant according to Merton? |
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Definition
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Term
| Define and give an example of a retreatist as described by Merton? |
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Definition
| Someone who does not want the cultural goals, nor do they have the means to achieve them. (eg. drug addicts, hermits) |
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Term
| Define and give an example of Merton's "rebel" |
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Definition
| someone who does not want the usual goals of society and instead creates their own goals and means of achievement. (eg. terrorists, environmentalists |
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Term
| What theory for crime and deviance brings up the "techniques of neutralization"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which two sociologists were related to learning theory in class? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain "Denial of Responsibility" |
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Definition
| The claim that it wasn't their fault, they didn't mean to do it, they were just following orders. |
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Term
| To say that "nobody was hurt" in a criminal or deviant act would be denial of __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| When a guy gets beat up at a bar, and the person who beat him up justifies himself by saying that he "had it coming", it is an example of... |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain "appeal to higher loyalties" |
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Definition
| When a person justifies their actions by saying they did it for their family, children, their lover, etc. |
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Term
| When a man commits fraud, and justifies himself by saying that "the government scams us all with taxes. I'm just taking back what's mine", it is an example of Sykes and Matza's |
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Definition
| Condemning the condemners. |
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Term
| When a person's justification for their actions involves admitting that they are at fault and that someone was hurt, they are using _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| "People are deviant because it is rewarding and enjoyable. The real question is Why do people conform?" Is a stance taken by ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| The idea that girls are more controlled than boys is a component of _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which technique of neutralization is most common in politics? |
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Definition
| Condemning the condemners. |
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Term
| Explain Labelling Theory and give an example of a deviant who might have experienced such labelling. |
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Definition
| Claims that people are deviant because they have already been labelled as such. (eg. Dumas' prostitute friend from high school) |
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Term
| Name the four correlates of crime. |
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Definition
| Age (youth), Sex (males), Social class (poor), and visible minority status. |
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Term
| _ out of every 10 canadians live in urban centres. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain Mathus' perspective on population growth. |
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Definition
| Population supply grows exponentially while food supply only grows arithmetically. |
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Term
| Explain the marxist perspective on population growth. |
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Definition
| Capitalism controls the population, according to the need for a "reserve army of labour" |
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Term
| The movement from high birth and death rates to low ones is called _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| WWII brought on the creation of the _________ City. |
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Definition
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Term
| The exurb is a component of the ________ city. |
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Definition
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Term
| Differentiate between mechanical and organic solidarity. |
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Definition
| Mechanical solidarity takes place because of the similarities between people, where organic solidarity exists because everyone in society is a part of the social order. |
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Term
| Dramatic social change leads to... |
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Definition
| the change from mechanical to organic solidarity, a growth in social problems, and "social disorganization" |
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Term
| In the industrial city, most crime takes part in the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Social solidarity within a community, including gentrification, community resources, and neighbourly norms. |
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Term
| The corporate city is based on what? |
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Definition
| Capital accumulation, money-making. |
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Term
| What was the first ever Canadian corporate city |
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Definition
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Term
| Which city model is based upon consumption? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| There are two ways of experiencing the city. 1) poverty, despair. 2) enjoyment and riches. |
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Term
| Burnaby's anti-sprawl community was created with what goal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Sandy Lake, Ontario famous for? |
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Definition
| Having the 3rd highest rate of type 2 diabetes in north america, and turning it around by building walking paths and upping nutrition in schools. |
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Term
| What is counterurbanization? |
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Definition
| The movement from central city living to "exurbs" or "edge cities", living further from core for economic reasons. |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of citizenship? Give an example of a right associated with each. |
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Definition
| Civil (free speech), Political (vote, run for office), social (standard of living) and Universal (human rights, peace). |
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Term
| What percentage of claims made to media organizations from corporations go unscrutinized? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the "Dominant Paradigm" |
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Definition
| A strong confidence in science, belief that we are important and have the right to use the earth as we please. Trust in law and authority. |
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Term
| Explain the "Alternative Paradigm" |
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Definition
| Not a lot of faith in science. Think that we need to be at harmony with the earth. Places an emphasis on self-actualization, realization of non-material values. |
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Term
| The perspective featuring growth, prosperity, and class mobility, which does not consider the effects on nature is... |
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Definition
| The human-exceptionalism paradigm |
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Term
| The environmental movement was originally a creation of what group? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the modern-day environmentalist. |
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Definition
| Middle-class, relatively young, civil servant. usually in work related to public service. |
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Term
| What are the 3 frames of environmental mobilization? |
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Definition
| diagnostic, prognostic, motivational. |
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Term
| Differentiate between value-oriented and success-oriented environmentalists. |
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Definition
| Value-oriented want to change how things are looked at, change the "treadmill of production" whereas success-oriented just want to stop the damaging factors of our current lifestyle. |
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Term
| When danger is slow to arise, causing reactions to the problem to arise slowly or never arise at all, it's called _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Authorities acting contradictorally in the face of environmental danger is called ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| the environmental approach that suggests that technology and innovation can resolve all difficulties is... |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain "Limits to Growth" as an environmental approach. |
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Definition
| Suggests that the population of the earth must fall in order to save or preserve the environment. |
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Term
| What three factors are necessary for successful construction of and environmental problem? |
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Definition
| popularizers (Suzuki), incentives to participate/care, and institutional sponsors. |
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