Term
FOR PETROLEUM THE MOST COMMONLY MEASURED PROPERTIES ARE? |
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Definition
API GRAVITY
VISCOSITY
COLOR
ODOR |
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Term
| WHAT IS SPECIFIC GRAVITY? |
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Definition
| a demensionless number which is a measure of the density of a substance compared to the density of pure water at an abritrary temperature and pressure |
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Definition
| (141.5/specific gravity @ SPST) - 131.5 |
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Term
| What's the specific gravity of water and oil? |
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Definition
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Term
| Heavy crude oil API would be...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Medium Crude Oil would be...? |
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Definition
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Term
| Light Crude Oil would be...? |
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Definition
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Term
| A typical natrual gas is made up of...? |
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Definition
Methane CH4(90.12%)
Ethan C2H6(4.3%)
Propane C3H8(1.52%)
n-Butane C4H10(0.73%)
iso-butane C4H10(0.35%) |
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Term
| Oil volumes are measured in Barrels (bbl or B)... what does 1 bbl equate to? |
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Definition
| 5.615 cu ft. or 42 gallons |
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Term
what are gas volumes in the U.S. oil industry measured in?
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Definition
| cubic feet at standard conditions (scf) (14.7 psia, 60 degrees F) in thousands of cubic feet (mcf) or millions of cubic feet (mmcf) |
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Term
| What are the INternational Oil Companies (IOCS)? |
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Definition
| Exxonmobil, BP, Royal Dutch Shell |
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Term
| Natonal Oil Companies (NOCS)? |
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Definition
| Saudi Armaco (Saudi Arabia), Pemex (Mexico), PdVSA (venezuela) |
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Term
| NOCs with strategic and operational autonomy |
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Definition
| Petrobas (Brazil), stateoil (Norway) |
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Term
| National oil companies account for how much of the world's total oil production? |
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Definition
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Term
| who are the two members of OPEC in the western hemisphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percentage of the world oil supply is produced by OPEC members? |
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Definition
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Term
| what percentage of the total oil supply is produced by Non-OPEC Americas? |
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Definition
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Definition
| 15% of the world reserves- all companies must abide by the laws of the government, but no domestic company is given preferential treatment. examples include the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. |
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Definition
| (1% of the world reserves)- a NOC exists, but does not get preferential treatment over outisde oil companies. Examples include Colombia, Indonesia, and Denmark. |
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Term
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Definition
| (37% of the world reserves)- the NOC is given priority access to the reserves while outside oil companies' access may be limited through minimum domestic ownership requirements, shared production with the NOC, or other methods. Examples include China, Angola, and Russia. |
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Definition
| (47% of the world reserves)- The NOC has sole access to reserves. No foreign ownership of oil feilds is permitted in these countries, and any outside participation is limited to operation through a domestic affiliate. Examples inculde Iran, Iraw, and Saudi Arabia. |
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Definition
| a scale of pressure differences in which there is a uniform variation of pressure from point to point. The pressure gradiant of a column of fresh water is approximately 0.433 psi/ft |
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Term
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Definition
| formation fluid pressure equivalent to approximately 0.465 water extending from that depth to the surface. (0.465 psi/ft, which is the equivilent of pressure exerted at any given depth by a column of 10% salt.) see fig. 1-1.41. |
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Term
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Definition
pressure exceeding or falling below the pressure to be expected at a given depth. (higher or lower than 0.465 psi/ft)
1) a reservoir that does not have a connectin with the surface. such resevoirs are usually surrounded by impermeable formations.
2) artesian effect see fig - 1.1.42 |
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Term
| How to calculate Hydrostatic head of a column of fluid? |
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Definition
| 0.052 x Column Depth(ft) x FLuid weight in pounds per galloin (ppg) = formation pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Water found in a resovior with gas and oil. |
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Term
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Definition
| the watter that sticks around the rocks and are unproduceable |
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Term
| Variables That Move Oil Prices |
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Definition
Consumption
Production
Inventories
Spare Production Capacity
Geopolitial risks
Market Variables
----Futures market trading
----commodity investment
----exchange rates
----equity markets |
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Definition
| Total pore volume in a sample totalvolume (pores and solids) of the sample |
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Term
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Definition
| the % of the bulk of volume of a rock sample that is composed of interconnected pore spaces that allow the passage of fluids. |
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Term
| how to calculate are zone thickness? |
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Definition
| Area of zone thickness= extend x zone thickness |
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Term
how to calculate pore volume
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Definition
if the porosity of the rock is .2===>.2 x extend x zone thickness
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Term
| Factors that affect porosity in a sandstone resovior are? |
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Definition
| Packing, Deposition, and shape. |
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Term
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Definition
| only exists between formations where thetemperature is 150-500 degrees F |
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Term
Types of structural traps
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Definition
| Faults, anticlinical, and domeplug traps |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| The mineral estate or fee owner |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a share of production of expenses exceptt taxes and marketing |
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Term
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Definition
1) Drill well
2) payonan annual basis while not drilling
3) terminate lease |
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Term
| A Joint of a pipe is about ____ long? |
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Definition
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Term
| stand of drilling pipe is about ____ long? |
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Definition
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Term
| Spuding in and out means? |
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Definition
| beginning and ending drilling |
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Term
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Definition
| the seal to prvent oil from going anywhere else but up the pipe |
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Term
| What is a Sub surface saftey valve? |
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Definition
| Below the mudline and is require on off shore rigs... cutsoff well in case of disaster. |
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Term
difference between free gas and sol'n gas?
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Definition
free gas is independant of the liquid and the sol'in gas is a part of the liquid. |
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Term
| Most important part of communication? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| two different formation with two different wells |
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Definition
| is when you inject natrual gas so it will increase oil flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Federal, state, Native American Land and {rivate ownership |
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Term
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Definition
| The measurement of the naturally occuring gamma rays of a formation to hold hydrocarbons and produce commercialquantities of hydrocarbons aka clay/sandstone |
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Definition
| Is the practice of combining small tracts of land into a pool large enough to satisfy state spacing regulations for drilling |
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Definition
| In a minerals lease is no included to protect the working interest by including as part of the lease lands in the land description that might have been inadvertently left our or incorretly described |
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Definition
| is when the royalty owner recieves 20% out of the 80% |
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Term
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Definition
| is when the duration of the lessee's interest is fixed |
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Definition
| Is the combing of leased tracts on a fieldwideor resovior-wide scale so that many tracts may be treated as one for operations such as enhanced recovery projects |
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Definition
| An instrument used to grant the four soures tha exist for the rights to petroleum |
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Term
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Definition
| in a mineral lease, it conveys the described mineral interest from the lessorto the lessee for consideration |
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Term
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Definition
| an owner of this owns the right to exploit what wealth the land might provide, wether above, or below the suface |
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Definition
| this allows the lessor or the lessee to transfer the lease to another party |
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Definition
| This is a provision tat releasing nonproductive or untested zones from the lease, as well as acreage outside a producing pooled unit, if drilling or exploration does not take place by the end of a specified time. |
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Definition
this was adpoted my most states throughthe english common law of real property
But Lousiiana's was derived from the Napoleonic code, is the rule. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unlike a joint operating agreement, where management is delegated and co-owners are not generally liablefor certain operator actons. participants in this share liability for third-party claims. |
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Term
| How many years does an owner of a petroleum lease in Louisioana to exercise mineral rights to avoid their merger with the surface estate? |
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Definition
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Definition
| Is a contract of sale for oil & gas |
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Term
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Definition
| states that oil and gas come from perdominantly from the remains of microscopic plant and small animal organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| a impereable rock that has porosity, but no permeability. |
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Term
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Definition
| allows through study of a land formation showing the rock layers in a 3d picture |
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Term
| what is Delta T matrix constant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Delta T fluid constant? |
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Definition
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Term
| when the resistivity is above 1 ohm meter what does that portion of the rock contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How to calc porosity from a well logging graph? |
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Definition
| (DTlog-DTmatrix)/(DTfluid-DTmatrux) |
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Term
| what do resistance and inducton logs do? |
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Definition
| help determine how much water is in a formation, how freely the water moves (permeability), and How saturated the formation is with water then hydrocarbons. |
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Term
| Neutron log helps us determine? |
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Definition
| how much oil, gas, and water that might be in the formation, the type of rock and its porosity, and the salt content. |
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Term
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Definition
| A column of rock that shows the sequence of rocks as they appear within the earth |
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Term
| what arethe four types of mineral land ownership? |
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Definition
Private
State
Federal
Native American tribes
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Definition
| is the contractors top manager on the drill site |
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Definition
| is subordinate only to the toolpusher and is the person who operates the drilling machinery |
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Term
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Definition
| look after mud pumps and monitors the condition of the drilling mud, then also when the pipeis removed or put into te hole he handles the top of the pipe from a small platform |
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Term
Rotary helpers/floorhands/roughnecks
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Definition
| Handle the bottom of the pipe on the floor when the pipe is romoved from or put into the hole. |
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Term
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Definition
| The assistant in loading an unloading equipment and supplies delieverd by biat to the rig. also responsible for keeping the rig cleaned and new looking. |
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Definition
| The operator pays the contractor an amount per day to use the rig. |
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Definition
| the operator agrees to pay an amountto the drilling contractor when the well is finished. |
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Term
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Definition
| combines payment methods, pay per footage and pay daywork rates. |
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Definition
| is when the drill pipe in and out of the hole and supports the drill pipe, keeping it in tension. works like a wench |
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Definition
| Is how the drill cuts through the layers of rock |
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Term
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Definition
| whena system pumps drilling fluid down the mud hole through a series of pipes. |
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Term
| twoprimary methods of transmitting power from an engine to a rig |
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Definition
| Mechanical driveand electircal drive. |
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Term
| when using a rotary table system |
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Definition
| requires roughnecks, kellys, and requires the rough necks to add pieces of piping. |
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Term
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Definition
| No kelly, and has auxiliary equipment to latch onto new single or stand so it can be lifted over the well center, sometimes has an automatic roughneck that routinely replaces the tongs. |
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Term
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Definition
Conductor casing
surface casing
intermediate casing
production casing or a production liner |
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Term
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Definition
| this has no production casing ot liner set through the producing formation |
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Term
| Cased and Perforated completeion |
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Definition
| requires the production casing to run all the way down and is cemented in place. It isolates the resovior from the other casing and perforates holes in each side of the resovior via perforator. |
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Term
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Definition
| is when a well is allowed to produce by flwoing to the surface through the production casing. |
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Term
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Definition
| the final string of pipe before producing combined with a packer and is called an openhole completion if this is not required. |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of metal housing with external slips, rubber elements, and an internal flow tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| is when in one well there are more than one tubing/packers producing from different resoviors at different depths. |
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Definition
| The most common method of controlling sand and preveting gravel to flow to the producing well. |
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Term
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Definition
| includes all the equipment on the surface that supports various pipe strings, seals off the well, and controls the paths and flow rates of resovior fluid. |
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Definition
| isplaced on top the production casing and seals off pressure between thecaing and the inside of the tubing. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is placedon topof the tubing hed and iss a series of valves called the upper tree assemebly, also called a christmas tree. |
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Term
| Stimulation and the three main ways |
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Definition
| This helps improve permeability of damaged rock or partially plugged over the course of time. The three main ways are Explosive fracturing, Acidizing, and Hydraulic fracturing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The first and oldest method of stimulation. creating an explosion to caue localized fractures in the surrounding formation |
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Term
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Definition
The second method which was availabe in the 1930's. When an acid react chemically witht he rock to dizzsole it. the path way creates new pathways.
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Definition
| Third method, introducedin 1948. this is successfulin all types of resivoirs. creates high pressure injection of fluids at rates that cannot be absorbs by the rock which creates a fracture in the rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| The most common method of pumping oil from the formation to the surface in land-base wells |
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Term
| the four resovior drive mechanisms |
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Definition
Depletion drive
water drive
gravity drainage
combinations drives |
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Term
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Definition
| is theexpansion of the resovior as fluid is produced |
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Term
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Definition
| is also normally caused by fluid expansion so the oil is pushed up the well by the compressed water underneath it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in steeply dipping resoviors where a well has been drilled in the downhill part of the resovior |
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Term
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Definition
| are a combination of the drive types: gravity drainage, water drive, and depletion drive. |
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Term
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Definition
| is used in depletion-drive oil resoviors or in water-drive resoviors with limited natural water drive. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a general term for injection processes that use special chemicals in water to push oil out of the bottom of the formation. |
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Term
| Vessels used in seperating gas from liquids |
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Definition
two-phase (gas-liquid) seperator
Free-water knockout
Three-phase (gas-water-oil) seperator |
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Term
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Definition
| this type can be vertical or horizontal and the gasseperates from the liquid inside using the force of gravity. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a vertical or horizontalvessel that provides a space for free water to settle out of the well stream |
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Term
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Definition
| seperates the free-water, oil and gases i the vessel. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a three-phase seperator with an internal fire tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| horizontal and similar in operation to a horz heater treater, features high voltage electric grid instead of a fire tube. |
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Term
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Definition
| (lease automatic custody transfer unit) meausres and records the volume of the oil, detects the presenece of water, deters and recorods the temp of the oil, takes samples, and can shut of the well in emergancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The weight put at the bottom of the drill column to creat greater tension to avoid the wobbling of the drill and causing damage to the well. |
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Term
| How to calculate porosity |
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Definition
(porosity)=(P~ma-P~b)/(P~ma-P~liq)
P~liq= 1
P~ma= 2.65g/cm^3
P~b= where liquid lies |
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