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| cnidarians have simple nerve net echinoderms have 3 distinct nerve nets |
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| found in peripheral nerves |
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| Describe five evolutionary trends in nervous system development. Examples |
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-nerve nets of increasing complexity: echinoderms have 3 distinct nerve nets
-cephalization: sense organs concentrated in the body region that first encounters new environmental stimuli, flatworms
-bilateral symmetry: lateral nerve cords carry sensory info to head ganglia, paired neurons,muscles, sensory structures facilitates coordinated movements, flatworms
-increasing organization: small peripheral ganglia coordinate outlying regions of the body, crustaceans annelids arthropods
-increasing number of internerons: squid, vertebrates |
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| Be familiar with the basic organization and function o the vertebrate nervous system (figure 24.8) |
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peripheral nervous system (motor, sensory, somatic-voluntary, autonomic-involuntary, sympathetic parasypathetic,enteric)
cerntral nervous system (spinal cord, brain) |
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| What are chemoreceptors? What are the functions of chemoreceptors in invertebrates? |
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respond to chemicals
located on appendages as sensilla or pits/invaginations
prey tracking, food recognition, mate location |
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statocysts
information about body organization, up/down
gastropods, cephalopods, crustaceans |
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| georeceptor, respond to force of gravity, contains statolith, sensory epithelium containing nonmotile cilia, fluid filled chamber |
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| what are photoreceptors? What are oceli, compound eye and complex eyes? hw do they differ adn what animals are they associate with |
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| sensitive to light, light sensitive pigments absorb light energy. oceli is simple eye spot in annelids, mollusks, arthropods. compound eye is thousands of tiny eyes, detect movement found in arthropods, bivalve, mollusk |
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| lateral-line system of vertebrate sensory receptors and ampullary organs |
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| neuromasts- conain mechanoreceptors that sense displacement of water ampullary organs can sense electrical currents |
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| define or describe tympanum, Weberian ossicles |
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tympanum: auditory receptors on the abdomen and legs of some insects
Weberian ossicles: auditory apparatus in fishes that passes between swim bladder and inner ear |
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| how does a frog ear differ form a human ear? |
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frogs have tympanum, only 2 ossicles (middle ear bones)
humans have 3 ossicles |
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| olfactory organs of reptiles |
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| chemical released by one organism to stimulate behavior in another organism by sense of smell |
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| period of development of the young in viviparous animals form the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth |
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| adjustment of eye focusing at various distances, stretching and relaxing of the eye muscles and fibers that attach to lens |
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| photoreceptor located middorsally on the head of some vertebrates (reptiles), associated with vertebrate epithalamus |
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| white of the eye, protective tissue around the eye |
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| thermoreceptors of vipers, used to locate warm blooded prey |
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| which bird has well developed olfactory senses |
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| hormones help control biochemical reactions in what 3 ways |
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-increase rate other substances enter or leave cell
-stimulate target cell to synthesize enzymes, proteins, or other substances
-prompt target cell to activate or suppress existing cellular enzymes |
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| biochemical categories of hormones |
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-proteins (insulin and glucagon)
-amines (thyroid)
-steroids (estrogen and testosterone)
-fatty acid derivatives (prostaglandins) |
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| which animals have true endocrine tissue |
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| mollusks analids echinoderms |
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| hormones of herterothermic vertebrates |
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melatonin- pineal gland, synchronizes activities with light intensity and day length, controls variation in skin color
prolactin- stimulates brooding behavior in some fishes, helps prepare some fishes to enter freshwater for spawning |
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| T3 and T4 in amphibian metamorphosis |
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| controls metabolism, growth and tissue differentiation, regulate metamorphosis |
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