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FINAL EXAM I
Comprehensive
115
Health Care
Undergraduate 4
07/20/2014

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Term
Adsorption
Definition

(Liquid-solid or gas-solid)

Solutres separated by their differences in attraction to stationary (solid) versus mobile phase

Term
Partition
Definition
  • Solutes separated by differences in their distribution between two liquid phases
  • Based on relative solubility in an organic (non-polar) solvent and an aqueous (polar) solvent
Term
Ion Exchange (Electrostatic)
Definition
  • Attractive force between componds is + and - charge.
  • Solute mixtures are separated by the magnitude and charge of ionic species.
  • Stationary Phase has formal charge
Term
Steric Exclusion
Definition
Molecular size selectivity separates molecules as in gel filtration. Separates solute molecules on the basis of size and shape
Term
General Principles of Gas Chromatography (4)
Definition
  • Analyte must be volatile
  • Analyte must be thermal-stable
  • Temperature: most important parameter
  • Derivatives
Term
Adsorption Chromatography
Definition
Attracted to differences in attraction to stationary vs mobile phase
Term
Partition Chromatography
Definition
Solutes separated by differences in distribution between 2 phases
Term
Ion Exchange Chromatography
Definition
Attractive force between compunds (electrostatic with + an -)
Term
Affinity Chromatography
Definition
Specific biological interaction between analyte and ligand
Term
Size Exclusion Chromatography
Definition
Molecular size selectivity
Term
Components (HPLC)
Definition
  1. Pumps
  2. Injectors
  3. Columns
  4. Detectors
  5. Recorders
  6. Fraction Collector
Term
HPLC Features
Definition
  • Gradient elution using 2 buffers with differing ionic strengths
  • Low temperature
  • Better separation of thermolabile compounds
  • High pressure used to pass mobile phase through column
  • Superior resolution
  • Short analysis time
  • Improved reproducibility
Term
Steps of Mass Spectrometry
Definition
  1. Atomization
  2. Conversion of fraction of atoms formed in step 1 to stream of ions
  3. Separation of ions in step 2 on basis of mass-to-charge ratio
  4. Counting numbers of ions of each type
Term
Components of Mass Spec
Definition
  1. Ion Source
  2. Mass Analyzer
  3. Ion Detector
Term
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
Definition
  • Free of ionizable groups
  • Protein separation and immunoelectrophoresis
Term
Cellulose Acetate Electrophoresis
Definition
  • Chemically uniform; ~81% air space
  • Clinical use - proteins, Hgb
  • Smaller sample volume
Term
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Definition
  • Different composition of layers of gel and pore size - allows for expanded separation - more zones 
  • Individual serum proteins and isoenzymes
  • SDS - very neutral; separate by SIZE ONLY
Term
Isoelectric Focusing
Definition
  • pI - isoelectric point: protein has a neutral charge
  • pI is used to separate proteins in a gel with a pH gradient from cathode (alkaline) to anode (acidic)
  • Proteins moves to zone in medium where pH= isoelectric point of protein; at this point charge is zero and migration ceases
Term
Capillary Electrophoresis
Definition
  • Separation, quantitationm and determination of molecular weights of proteins and peptides
  • Separation occurs in electric field
Term
Considerations in Electrophoresis
Definition
  1. Heat - can degrade protein
  2. Buffers - cold improves resolution and lessens evaporation
  3. Samples - need to optimize to avoid overloading
Term
Cations
Definition
Migrate the fastest toward the cathode
Term
Densitometry
Definition
Measures the absorbance of the strain on a support medium
Term
Keq
Definition

=[P]/[R]

Coefficients become exponents

Term
K>1
Definition
More product at equilibrium
Term
Enthalpy
Definition
  • kJ/mol
  • Heat change during a reaction
Term
+H
Definition
Endothermic, not favored
Term
-H
Definition
Exothermic, Favored
Term
Entropy (S)
Definition
Measure of the disorder or randomness in a system
Term
+S
Definition
Favorable Entropy
Term
-S
Definition
Unfavorable entropy
Term
G<0
Definition
Spontaneous in forward reaction, Exothermic
Term
G>0
Definition
  • Favors reverse reaction
  • Heat absorbed
  • Endothermic
Term
Ksp
Definition
Equilibrium constant for dissolution of a solid
Term
Henderson-Hasselbach Equation
Definition
pH=pKa  log ([A]/[HA])
Term
Buffer Capacity
Definition
Maximum amount of either SA or SB that can be added before a significant change in the pH will occur
Term
Phosphate Buffer
Definition
Major buffer of urine
Term
  • Adequacy of ventilation
  • Adequacy of oxygenation
  • Acid Base status
  • Adequacy of ventilation
  • Adequacy of oxygenation
  • Acid Base status
Definition
  • Arterial blood gases asses
Term
Fick's Law
Definition
  • Net diffusion rate of a gas across a fluid membrane
  • -Proportional to the difference in partial pressure
  • -Propartional to the area of the membrane
  • -Inversly proportional to the thickness of the membrane
  • -Can calculate exchange rates of gases across membranes
Term
Fick's Law
Definition
Proportional to the area and the concentration on either side of a membrane and inversly proportional to the thickness of the membrane
Term
Deoxyhemoglobin HHgb
Definition
Oxygen is not bound but can be when available
Term
Shift to the left
Definition
  • Increase binding of O2, decrease release from Hgb
  • Increase pH
  • Decrease DPG
  • Decrease temperature
Term
Hypoxemia
Definition
  • Decreased oxygen content in blood
  • Decreased cardiac output
  • Decreased ventilation
Term
Arterial Hypoxia
Definition
  • Low oxygen tension
  • Decreased O2
  • Compensation - increased cardiac output
Term
Anemic hypoxia
Definition
  • Decreased O2 carrying capacity
  • Decreased total hemoglobin
  • Abnormal Hgb
  • Compensation - increase cardiac output
Term
Circulatory Hypoxia
Definition
  • Impaired blood flow
  • Acite MI
  • Cardiac failure
  • Shock
  • Compensation - increase ventilation
Term

Histotoxic Hypoxia

 

Definition
  • Abnormal utilization of oxygen at cellular level
  • Increased cellular demand
  • Impaired cellular function
  • Impaired O2 release fro Hgb
  • Compensation - both cardiac output and ventilation increases
Term
CO2
Definition
Most effective gas measurement
Term
H+ will increase
Definition
HCO3- isnt reabsorbed into plasma the HCO3 will decrease will lead to the concentration of H+ to do what?
Term
Increase ventilation to blow of CO2
Definition
Acidosis causes breathing to increase or decrease?
Term
Reabsorption
Definition
Acidosis causes reabsorption or excretion of HCO3- in the kidney
Term
Increase
Definition
Hypoxia cause increase or decrease in breathing?
Term
Respiratory Acidosis
Definition

pH< 7.35

Increase in CO2

Term
Hyperventilation to blow off CO2
Definition
Compensation of respiratory acidosis
Term
Respiratory Alkalosis
Definition
  • pH>7.45
  • Decrease in CO2, therefore increase in HCO3
Term
Metabolic Acidosis
Definition

pH <7.35

Cause is due to decrease in HCO3-

Term

Hyperventilation to decrease pCO2

Increased secretion of H+

Conserve base HCO3-

Definition
Compensation of Metabolic Acidosis
Term
Metabolic Alkalosis
Definition
  • pH > 7.45
  • Cause is due to increase HCO3-
Term

Decrease respiration

Retain acid and decrease reclamation of base

Definition
Compensation of Metabolic Alkalosis
Term
TP/(TP + FN)
Definition
Sensitivity Equation
Term
Sensitivity
Definition
Probability that patients with the disease will test positive for the disease
Term
TN/(TN + FP)
Definition
Specificity Equation
Term
Specificity
Definition
Probability that patients who do not have the disease will test negative for the disease
Term

(TP + TN)

_____________________

(TP + FP + FN + TN)

Definition
Term
Serious and treatable diseases
Definition
Maximize sensitivity
Term
Serious and NOT treatable disease
Definition
Maximize specificity
Term
PPV
Definition
  • Ability of the method to correctly determine the prescence of disease in those patients who have disease.
  • How likely is the positive truly positive?
Term
TP/ (TP + FP)
Definition
PPV Equation
Term
NPV
Definition
Ability of the method to cerrectly determine the absence of disease in those patients who do not have disease
Term
TN/ (TN + FN)
Definition
NPV Equation
Term
Peptide Bond
Definition
Proteins are joined by what?
Term
Liver except for immunoglobulins
Definition
Proteins are made where?
Term

Globular - symmetrical

Fibrous - elongated 

Definition
Shapes of proteins
Term
Characteristics of Proteins
Definition
  1. Solubility - albumin is most arent
  2. Immunogenicity - Can be effective antigens, depends on size and amino acid content
  3. Chemical compositiion - Simple and conjugated
  4. Function
Term

Excessive loss

Decreased intake

Decreased synthesis of serum proteins

Accelerated catabolism

Definition
Hypoproteinemia causes
Term
Acute Phase Reactants
Definition
Body's response to inflammation
Term
Albumin
Definition
  • Most abundant
  • Function - colloid osmotic pressure
Term

Less production

Increased loss

Definition
Hypoalbuminemia
Term
Dehydration - increase is relative
Definition
Hyperalbuminemia causes
Term

Alpha 1 Antitripsin

Alpha 1 Glycoprotein

Alpha 1- Alpha 2 bridge

Alpha 2 Haptoglobin

Hemopexin

Lipoproteins

Beta Fraction : Complement

B-G Bridge

CRP

Definition
Term
Alpha1 Antitrypsin
Definition
  • Protease inhibitor
  • Decreased- Emphysema and cirrhosis
  • Increased - Inflammation
Term
Alpha 1 Acid Glycoprotein
Definition
  • Regulates immune response
  • Decrease - liver disease, malnutrition
  • Increased - inflammatory diseases and cancer
Term
Alpha 1 Fetoprotein
Definition
  • Dominant serum protein in early embryotic life
  • Increased maternal levels
Term
A1-2 Bridge
Definition
  • Serine protease targets other serine proteases
  • Decrease- asthma and liver disease
  • Increase- inflammation
Term
Alpha 2 Globulin Haptoglobin
Definition

Binds free Hgb

Decrease - hemolytic anemia

Increase - inflammation

Term
A2 Macroglobins
Definition

Very large and does not diffuse easily

Major plasma protease inhibitor

Increase- liver disease, diabetes, kidney failure

Decrease - pancreatitis

Term
A2 Ceruloplamin
Definition

Copper Donor, catalyzes iron oxidation

Decrease - wilson's disease

Increase - exercise and pregnancy

Term
B Transferrin
Definition

Binds free iron

Increase in iron deficiency anemia

Decrease in malnutrition

Term
B Hemopexin
Definition

Removes circulating heme

Decreased- hemolytic disorders, liver disease

Term
B Lipoproteins
Definition
Transports cholesterol in the blood to the liver
Term
B Complement
Definition

Interact with Ag-Ab complexes

Decrease malnutrition/ liver diseases

Increase in inflammation

Term
B Fibrinogen
Definition

One of the largest plasma proteins

Aids in clot formation

Increase in clotting

Term
G CPR
Definition
Precipitates with C substance
Term
Increased IgG
Definition
Infections of all types
Term

Lack of Beta lymphs

Hypogammaglobulinemia

Definition
Decreased IgG
Term

Asthma

Atopic skin diseases

Hay Fever

Anaphylactic shock

Myeloma

Definition
Increase IgE
Term

Waldenstroms macroglobinemia

Trypanosmiasis

Malaria

Infectious mononucleosis

Definition
Increased IgM
Term

New deck of cards is shuffled.

Disorder increases

Definition
Entropy increases when?
Term
Accept a proton or Hydrogen ion
Definition
Bases accept what?
Term
Densitometry
Definition
What technique allows us to scan electrophorteic separation on a support medium and perform quantitation?
Term
Rate of dissolving=Rate of crystilization
Definition
Equilibrium exists when?
Term
Ion Exchange
Definition
Changes in pH and ionic strength of buffers are most used to affect retention in which type of chromatography?
Term
Efficiency of the chromatographic column
Definition
Theoretical plate refers to?
Term
Endosomosis
Definition
In cellulose acetate, migration of gamma toward cathode is due to...
Term
Affinity
Definition
Chromotographic assesment of glycated Hgb
Term
Steric (size)
Definition
Seperation based on molecular weight
Term
Increase excretion of H+
Definition
Renal response to increase in partial pressure of CO2 in blood.
Term
Bicarbonate
Definition
Most CO2 transfered in the blood
Term
Compensated by renal Na-H ion exchange
Definition
How is respiratory acidosis compensated
Term
Total number of moles of SA needed to change pH by 1 unit
Definition
Buffer capacity
Term
pCO2
Definition
Most effective measured blood gas parameter
Term
  • Pressure gradient
  • Flow Rate
  • Area
  • Distance across membrane
Definition
Term
  1. C
  2. D
  3. A
  4. B
Definition
  1. Anemic Hypoxia                       A)Hypoventilation
  2. Histotoxic                               B)Cardiac Failure
  3. Arterial                            C)Decreased O2 Hgb
  4. Circulatory                          D)Impaired O2 release
Term
pH normal  pCO2 decrease    HCO3 decrease
Definition

Compensated respiratory Alkalosis

pH, pCO2, HCO3-

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