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Definition
| Rainfall with much higher acidity than normal, caused by sulfur and nitrogen oxides derived from the burning of fossil fuels being flushed from the atmosphere by precipitation, with lethal effects for many plants and animals. |
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Definition
| Factors that make a place appealing to prospective inhabitants, part of a cities situation and site. Include recreation, arts and culture, scenery, history, and climate |
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Definition
-dream: “anything but the city”
-a “back to nature” ideal
-the city is where ghettoes are
-city is rampant with crime & corruption
-city is dirty and polluted with trash and decongestants |
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| areas of urban sprawl that are characterized as highly dependent on automobile transportation. |
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a back office is the part of most corporations where tasks dedicated to running the company itself takes places (such as filing/administrative tasks). Back offices moved to suburbs in the 80’s for the women workforce.
lower land rent costs. |
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Definition
leftover land used from various industries
-danger zone.. for children, etc
-aesthetically thought-provoking |
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Definition
| sociologist at the University of Chicago who created the concentric zone model by analyzing the income levels of ethnic groups. |
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Definition
| central business district. located in the center (hence the central), contains the oldest homes; the central portion of a city, characterized by high-density land uses. A dense cluster of offices and shops and is formed around the point within the city that is most accessible. Businesses and services located here experience the most “action” as measured by the volume of people, money, and ideas moving through space. |
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Definition
a set of models designed to explain the spatial distribution of urban service centers. pg 329
formulated by Walter Christaller
Two determinants:
Threshold: the size of the population required to make provision of the good or service economically feasible
Range: the average maximum distance people will travel to purchase a good or service |
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Definition
: any factor that disrupts the internal order of a country
-classism
-white flight'
-automobile dependency
-aging infrastructure
-inner-city crime
-school quality
-inner-city pollution
Later this process began to slow down and reverse. |
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| ceremonial center (city as-) |
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Definition
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Definition
| spatial variations in temperature change and precipitation, and may involve cooling in some places (such as Europe) because the climate is a very complex system |
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| Process through which forests and trees are cut for commercial uses; began at least 3000 years ago. In the last half-century, 1/3 of world’s forest cover is gone. |
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Term
| economic restructuring (or development) |
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Definition
the assumption that by restructuring an area with low standards of living, which are mainly in the primary sector, in the form of industrialization will lead to economic development.
(Note: industrialization- the transformation of raw materials into commodities) |
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Definition
| responsible travel that does not harm ecosystems or the well-being of local people. |
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Definition
a new urban cluster of economic activity that surrounds nineteenth-century downtowns. were once peripherals to the central city. 5 characteristics: has 5 million sq feet of leasable office space, has 600,000 sq ft of leasable retail space, has more jobs than bedrooms, is perceived by the population as one place, was nothing resembling a city as recently as 30 yrs ago.
occurs with an explosion of metropolitan growth in areas that had once been peripheral to the central city
They tend to form around highways. |
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Definition
| synthetic chemicals and industrial byproducts that have an effect on the endocrine system. |
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Definition
species that have origins outside of the country eg. kudzu and zebra mollusk
ex) japanese climbing fern, freaking hordes of starlings |
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Definition
| habitat destruction for various purposes. A region lying beyond the suburbs of a city, is inhabited principally by wealthy people. |
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Definition
| authorized the building of highways throughout the nation |
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Definition
perform a vital function in the attempt to revitalize downtowns, usually large-scale projects focused on a multi use redevelopment scheme built around a particular setting, often one with a historical association.
Ex) San Antonio Riverwalk has a festival setting. |
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Definition
| when a government has to introduce deflationary measures designed to reduce the amount of borrowing and debt that has been run up during a downturn in their economy. Done by either raising taxes or reducing government expenses. |
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Definition
| residential areas that are inaccessible to the public. Are often considered “American” but can now be found throughout the world. Can be seen as wanting to shield themselves from the “dangerous” urban setting. Sign of wealth/prestige and perhaps paranoia depending on the area. |
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Definition
the displacement of lower income residents by higher income residents as buildings in deteriorated areas of city centers are restored. However, can also be seen as environmentally sustainable (does not take up large plots of agricultural land as suburbs do).
-more affordable than suburban housing
- what were originally built to house factory employees are now torn down or transformed into lofts or office space
- creates racial and ethnic tensions
- uneven distribution of wealth
-This is happening in East Austin
- Home to a large LGBT community. Also attractive for young, urban couples - distinct lifestyles/change in view about family values than the 1950’s. Seen as more exciting area to life in than the suburbs. |
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Definition
| Geographic information system |
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Term
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Definition
| a city that is a control center of the global economy. From the top level of a hierarchical global system of cities, they are the places where major decisions about the world’s commercial networks and financial markets are made. Examples include New York, London, Tokyo |
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Definition
increased frequency of severe storms, cooling in europe, fluctuations in ocean currents
Change in weather patterns, cycles etc globally
Due to industrial activity, particularly, due to increasingly produced carbon dioxide... |
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Definition
| the binding together of all of the lands and peoples of the world into an integrated system driven by capitalist free markets, in which cultural diffusion is rapid, independent states are weakened, and cultural homogenization is encouraged. |
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Definition
an area of agricultural or forest land, or some other undeveloped site earmarked for commercial development or industrial projects.
I.e. Woodlands area in Houston |
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Definition
| Gases in the atmosphere that absorb radiation from the sun, thus making Earth’s temperature warmer. These include CO2, water vapor, Nitrous Oxide, Methane, and Ozone. Although naturally occurring, the burning of fossil fuels has lead to a much higher concentration of CO2, thus making Earth warmer. |
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Definition
| created the Sector Model- 1930s |
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Definition
a model created by Karl Wittfogel: civilization based on large-scale irrigation. Irrigation systems led to crops yielding more food, creating a surplus. This surplus supported the development of a large nonfarming population.
Model can’t be applied to all urban hearths. Ex) Mesoamerica |
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Definition
| a cultural innovation that is developed in two or more locations by individuals or groups working independently. |
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| Clustering, which results in mutual benefits for businesses; a snowballing geographical process by which secondary and service industrial activities become clustered in cities and compact industrial regions in order to share infrastructure and markets |
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Term
| industrial location factors |
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Definition
| includes raw materials, energy supply, natural routes(rivers, waterways,etc.), land, available labour force, market, transport (road,train,air,etc), government policies. Has a lot to do with what manufacturers look for in labor supply abroad (availability of workers, average wages, necessary skills, and worker productivity). |
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Term
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Definition
a series of inventions and innovations, arising in England in the 1700s, that led to the use of machines and inanimate power in the manufacturing process
Initial breakthrough came from the manufacturing sector/industry, more specifically the British cotton textile cottage industry.
-Industrial revolution also revolutionized primary industries such as coal mining.
-Revolutionized the service sector/industry by causing a need for new forms of transportation-- -+this fostered cultural diffusion. |
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| Established a CO2 cap to help reduce the effects of global warming. US opted out. |
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Definition
term used to describe the many potential functions of land in creating urban space; usually determined by government planning
Ex. The Triangle - serves many uses for one location; live/work/shop environment |
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Term
| leapfrog/ checkerboard development |
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Definition
| development that is spaced far apart, sometimes separated by lawns, landscaping roads, or parking lots. The development of land for suburban areas intermixed with farmland. Cheap for the developer, but more expensive for the area (utilities such as water, electricity, etc.) The costs of decentralization. |
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Definition
| “Levittown”: suburban ‘cookie-cutter’ housing (inexpensive post-war housing) |
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Definition
| railway system for commuting between suburban areas and downtown/CBD/inner city |
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Definition
| - refers to the increase in space being used to set up defenses against people the city considers undesirable. Ex. lack of street furniture to guard against homeless living on the streets, gated communities to keep certain people out |
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Definition
| - Mix of services in a single area. ex. Mueller Development in Austin and the Triangle. |
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Term
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Definition
| - the greatest success so far in implementing an international environmental agreement. Designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer. Signed by 25 nations. |
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Definition
| - The form and structure of cities, including street patterns and the size/shape of buildings. |
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Definition
- similar to the Triangle development in Austin.
-An isolated area
-Mixed Use Development |
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Term
Multiple nuclei model
(of city) |
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Definition
- A model that depicts a city growing from several separate focal points.
-chauncey harris and edward ullman, geographers |
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Term
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Definition
| - a resource that once consumed cannot be replaced. I.e. Fossil fuels. |
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Term
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Definition
| - the physical separation of some economic activities from the main production facility, usually for the purpose of employing cheaper labor. Cost effective way of replacing “white-collar” jobs that are considered more skilled. Has had a weakening effect on organized labor inside the U.S. |
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Term
| ozone depletion (stratospheric) |
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Definition
| - pollution affecting the upper atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| - toxins in food chain - “persistent organic pollutants” endocrine disruptors, impede normal hormonal development in humans and animal species |
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Definition
| - economies in which most of the jobs are in services. |
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Definition
- mass produced housing from the 1950’s; which reflected influences from desire to create a certain kind of site (scenic, close to economic centers etc)
GI Bill helped this |
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Term
| primary industries (primary sector) |
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Definition
- an industry engaged in the extraction of natural resources, such as agriculture, lumbering, and mining
such as mining, hunting, fishing, logging, and farming, involve extraction of raw materials directly from the earth--we call them "primary" or "extractive" industries. In a complex economy, these activities constitute the "primary sector." |
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Definition
- a means of bringing people together again
-Active use by Charlotte, NC (Lynx light rail system) |
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Definition
- model for urban planners
-good for tourists but not as good for local economy |
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Term
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Definition
| - the release of radioactive substances or high-energy particles into the air, water, or earth as a result of human activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| - a practice by banks and mortgage companies of demarcating areas considered to be high risk for housing loans. Restricted home loans to well-off areas. |
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Definition
- a resource that is not depleted if wisely used, such as forests, water, fishing grounds, and agricultural lands.
but now they are being depleted. are they really ultimately sustainable?
Refers to those that are replenished naturally at a rate sufficient to balance their depletion by human use. Often disrupted by industrialization. |
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Term
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Definition
| - the exhaustion of raw materials within a region |
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Term
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Definition
| - Designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. Prototype suburbs 9 miles from Chicago. Reached by streetcars. |
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Definition
- plan to revitalize downtown San Antonio. Ironic development because it’s trying to attract tourists historically while at the same time expelling locals (“rowdy Hispanic teenagers”).
festival settings |
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Term
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Definition
| - has brought millions of people to urban life. People leave their rural villages and migrate to cities for better economic and social opportunities. Ends up being relatively better than rural life, but people still lack human capital (job skills) to fit most positions. Surplus of labor --> unemployment. |
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Term
| secondary industries (secondary sector) |
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Definition
- an industry engaged in processing raw materials into finished products; manufacturing
activities that work on the products that are extracted: ore refining, fish packing, lumber milling, etc. These are called "secondary industries" and they make up the "secondary sector" in a complex economy. |
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Term
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Definition
- an economic model that depicts a city as a series of pie-shaped wedges.
-Homer Hoyt, economist
-Focus on major transportation routes (wealthy are attracted to), and then middle-income attracted to where wealthy go, and then lower-income fill in the gaps.
-Exception: The freeway
-Why? Freeways were expanded/invested in after this sector model was developed in the 1930s. Developers found that locating freeways next to low-income housing was the cheapest method. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Wrote a book that criticized suburbs as “purified” communities where people escape from the complexity and diversity of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| - (tertiary sector) Transportation/communication services, producer services- wholesalers, finance, investment, real estate, corporate lawyers. Consumer services: Doctors, retail, food service. |
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Term
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Definition
-competition with downtown shopping ‘centers’
-outward movement
-following suburbs
Have a characteristic form (anchor stores like department stores and then smaller stores as well) and are said to be the new centers of urban life because they seem to be the major sites for social interaction.
Considered private spaces of consumption not public spaces of socialization (too noisy of shoppers are removed by mall security). |
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Term
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Definition
| - employment opportunities for low-income people are located in areas far from where they live |
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Term
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Definition
| - low density development, usually occurs after rapid suburbanization. Reliant on vehicles. Another word for Decentralization. Driven by wealthy class with racist attitudes and protected by city governments through zoning regulations to protect property values. |
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Term
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Definition
| -early form of public transit dating from the 1870’s/ Driven by horse, cable, and eventually electricity. By 1950’s it was in competition with the car, bus companies (that are also automobile companies) then bought up and dismantled the system. |
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Term
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Definition
| - the survival of land-use system for centuries or millennia without destruction of the environmental base, allowing generation after generation to continue to live there. |
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Term
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Definition
| - temporarily Obsolete and Derelict Structures- abandoned or underused property where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by the presence or potential presence of environmental contamination. |
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Term
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Definition
- Abandonment of obsolete land uses and structure, assimilation of these structures by new development, and slow displacement of poor residential populations.
many homeless live in this zone.
Zone 2 of the Concentric Zone Model by Burgess
-implying the effects of residential decentralization
-includes a mixed pattern of industrial and residential land use
-are considered slums |
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Term
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Definition
| edge of the habitat at which trees are capable of growing. Beyond the tree line, they are unable to grow because of inappropriate environmental conditions (usually cold temperatures or lack of moisture |
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Definition
- development in Austin, Tx.
-attempts to recreate a walkable city
-very compact; consists of housing units located directly above shopping centers
-surrounding areas aren’t nearly as compact or busy though - will it attract people? |
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Term
| UNO (university neighborhood overlay) |
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Definition
- The biggest changes to West Campus in recent years have come about as a result of the University Neighborhood Overlay (UNO) Plan [4], a city initiative passed in 2004. The UNO plans were:
"intended to help create a residential district that is close to the campus, consolidating some of the student housing that is presently scattered throughout the city, and thereby reducing transient student traffic to campus from outside, and reducing the transient parking requirements around West Campus."
The plan seeks to bring University of Texas students closer to campus, as well as create a denser, urban environment in order to provide more space for the growing student population.
The eastern boundary of West Campus is a major commercial area known as "The Drag" or Guadalupe Street, where clothing stores, restaurants, bookstores (including the University COOP), and venues are across the street from the University.
Due to the proximity of the West Campus area to the University, it is close to University facilities such as the Blanton Museum of Art, the Harry Ransom Center, and the LBJ Library. The Bob Bullock Texas State History Museum, which features an IMAX theater, is also nearby as well. Pease Park is on the western border at Lamar Boulevard. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Sprawl and the associated outward shifts of retail, offices, and jobs. The tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city. |
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Term
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Definition
| - A region in which the world’s first cities evolved. Includes Mesopotamia, Nile Valley region, Indus valley, Huang Ho (Yellow River), Mesoamerica, and Andean region |
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Term
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Definition
| - Started in the 1990’s and accelerates in the early 2000’s, the rebirth and revitalization of urban areas. ex. the riverwalk in San Antonio and the Quincy Market in Boston. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The relationship between a city and the physical environment and landscape in which it is located. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The relationship between a city and the rest of the urban system in which it is located. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any network of towns and cities, and their hinterlands, which can be seen as a system, since it depends on the movements of labour, goods and services, ideas, and capital through the network. Crucial to the interactions within the system are efficient systems of transport and communication. With improved technology, it is possible to see urban systems which transcend national boundaries. |
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Term
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Definition
| - The increase over time in the population of cities in relation to the region’s rural population. |
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Term
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Definition
| - urban planning project going on in Austin to revitalize the degrading downtown area (Eastern portion) |
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Term
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Definition
| - Whites move out of an area because of minorities moving in Racial avoidance strategies (centrifugal force) |
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Term
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Definition
| A method to produce electricity that is also renewable and good for the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| - Developed the hydraulic civilization model |
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Term
| Zonal model (same as concentric zone model) |
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Definition
- a model that shows zones that appear because of accessibility and land in the central business district remains more valuable than in the periphery (wealthy vs. poverty). There are now multiple nuclei because different land uses benefit different amounts of accessibility.
-a social model that depicts a city as 5 areas bounded by concentric rings (CBD, transition, blue-collar, middle income, commuter or suburbs) |
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Term
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Definition
university neighborhood (especially West Campus) overlay
zoning is main tool used by American cities to regulate and manage growth
protect property value |
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Term
| IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) |
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Definition
| gets lots of scientists together making comments on each other’s work to come to a consensus. (Its mission is to provide comprehensive scientific assessments of current scientific, technical and socio-economic information worldwide about the risk of climate change caused by human activity) from wikipedia. |
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