Term
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Definition
| the unreported crime statistics due to shame, fear and embarrassment |
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Term
Uniform Crime reports (UCR)
what does it measure |
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Definition
violent crimes: murder, aggravated assault, robbery and rape
Property crimes: Motor vehicle theft, burglary, larceny, arson |
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Term
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Definition
| consistent definitions of crime across jurisdictions, trend data, national figures (census data) |
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Term
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Definition
the hierarchy rule, crime funnel, subject to political manipulation (uniform crime), ecological fallacy, and its a measure of police activity rather than crime
- its group data so it does not tell you about an individual just a set |
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Term
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Definition
| only the worst crime is reported |
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Term
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Definition
the amount of crimes logged to those that go unreported, then those that get thrown out or don't make it to court
- we want event level data we usually get arrest level data |
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Term
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Definition
| the person whose arrested cant be used to account for data for the group of criminals |
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Term
| National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) |
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Definition
2X more crime reported than the UCR
Household survey conducted by census bureau |
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Term
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Definition
| eliminates reporting bias, the victims are the primary source of information, a lot of detailed info, exposes dark figure of crime and allows for psychosocial comparisons |
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Term
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Definition
| series victimization crime underestimates crime, memory decay, telescoping, fear of reporting rape, victimless crimes and homicide go unreported, excludes jails, businesses, and dorms |
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Term
| series victimization rule (NCVS) |
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Definition
| Incidents that are similar and frequent so that specific details of each can't be recounted so they are counted as one incident |
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Term
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Definition
forgetfulness
produces downward bias |
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Term
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Definition
incorporating events from outside the appropriate time span
produces upward bias
overinclusion |
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Term
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Definition
telescoping and memory decay solution, the first survey answers are thrown out and the second survey they take into account "since the last time we talked"
they call every 6 months |
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Term
| definition of criminology |
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Definition
| a study of the making of the law, breaking of the law, and the reaction to the breaking of the law |
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Term
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Definition
criminology as a science
numerical data |
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Term
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Definition
criminology as a science
story data |
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Term
| crime patterns in neighborhoods |
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Definition
| zone 2 residential to industrial zones |
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Term
| geographical crime patterns |
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Definition
the south has the highest homicide rate
because of their subculture of violence
also urban phenomenon of the most crime occurring in inner cities |
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Term
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Definition
16-24 year olds
have more free time, less self-control and psychological, less responsible, brain development |
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Term
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Definition
Freda Adler
as women become freer and gain more rights we also have more freedom to commit crime |
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Term
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Definition
Emile Durkheim
People think its normal to follow laws, and if you break the law, you are still helping define the norms of society by reaffirming that law-breaking is bad. You are reaffirming the public’s belief that what you’re doing is wrong.
morals make laws, its society's consensus that things are bad and to change laws society has to change |
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Term
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Definition
Karl Marx
change can only be created through conflict/struggle
Laws are made by those with power to oppress others without power (the powerful makes laws in order to maintain power). Eventually, people will realize this and overthrow the government. |
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Term
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Definition
the shared charecteristics of the victim and offender
generally same race, age, socioeconomic status
ex: young, male, minorities |
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Term
| is criminology a science? |
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Definition
yes Criminology used the scientific method, which has THEORIES (why something happens) that can be tested, & uses METHODS (how we determine why something happens) measurements from crime ranging from quantitative to qualitative
no.
Lacks predictive power / credibility. There’s no “fixed” definition of crim |
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Term
| criteria to establish a causal relationship |
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Definition
1. correlation
2. temporal ordering (cause before effect)
3. lack of spuriousness |
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Term
| role of ideology in politics |
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Definition
| our ideologies choose how we vote |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of beliefs or values that all of us develop, usually unconsciously, about the way that the world is or ought to |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
direct source data that tells us about the dark figure of crime
covers more crimes than the UCR |
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Term
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Definition
| emphasis on trivial offenses, selective loss, telescoping, memory decay |
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Term
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Definition
| a uniform society with self sustainable groups |
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Term
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Definition
most likely to generate an anomie
there's lots of diversity and division of labor because its a society in motion with distinct specialized jobs |
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Term
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Definition
Consensus theorist and sociologist who created strain theory
french and industrial revolution |
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Term
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Definition
Emile Durkheim
-deregulation of appetites
- normlessness
crime occurs more often in a society with a state of normlessness
occurs during a time of change in societies values |
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Term
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Definition
Cessare Beccaria
Rational Choice theory
Deterrence |
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Term
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Definition
all humans are capable of committing a crime. actus reus focus.
free will
cost/benefits and pain/pleasure |
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Term
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Definition
| crime can be deterred if punishments are certain, severe and swift with certainty being the most important |
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Term
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Definition
| death penalty increases homicide rates. some justified murder shows that its ok under certain circumstances |
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Term
| perpetual deterrence theory |
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Definition
Ray Paternoster
certainty is the most important if someone believes they will be punished they wont commit the crime |
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Term
father of modern criminology
traditional school of biology |
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Definition
Cesare Lombroso
atavism, phrenology, 4 types of criminals
Italian prison physician |
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Term
Cesare Lombroso
4 types of criminals |
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Definition
born - atavisitc characteristics
insane - idiots/imbeciles
occasional- explained by opportunity, although they do have predisposed traits
criminals of passion - committed because of anger, love, honor, irresistible force |
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Term
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Definition
biological throwback.
those who commit crime are predisposed to it and less biologically evolved
criminals are different than everyone else |
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Term
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Definition
1.social bond theory/comprehensive control theory
2.low self control theory/ general theory of crime |
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Term
Social Bond theory
travis hirschi |
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Definition
delinquency happens when social bonds are weak
1. attachment - emotional closeness to others; psychological presence
2. commitment - what you have personal stakes in (school, already invested time)
3. involvement- lack of leisure time gives less time to commit a crime (weakest element) idle hands
4. belief - the amount that you believe in the moral worth of societies laws |
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Term
low self control theory/ general theory of crime
travis hirschi and godfredson |
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Definition
the only determinant of crime is lack of self control. self control restrains people from temptation.
parents instill self control in 3 steps
1. supervision - must be present
2. recognition - deviance must be acknowledged
3. punishment cant be to harsh
stable from 8 years till death |
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Term
social disorganization
chicago school
shaw and mckay |
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Definition
zone 2
Macro (structural) level, why certain neighborhoods have more social problems/delinquency
factors: physical dilapidation, poverty, hetero culture, highly transient, unemployed
factors> social disorganization> crime
neighborhoods fault not the individual |
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Term
Ruth Kornhauser
chicago/ecological school
social disorganization |
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Definition
Pure cultural deviance: deviance is normal to people of a delinquent subculture. Delinquency is caused by socialization into a subculture value system that condones the legal system is wrong
attributes of social disorganization:
1.poverty
2. racial/ethnic heterogenity
3. high residential mobility |
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Term
Sampson and Laub
life course theory |
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Definition
Social bonds aren’t spurious, rather exert causal influences on behavior
Those who may be delinquents as young adults, change over time due to a turning point in their lifetime (i.e. marriage, military, employmen |
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Term
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Definition
| biological theories assume that forces beyond one’s control lead to criminality. Use SCIENCE. Challenges the classical theory by denying free will of man. Other factors like environment/biology will cause delinquency. |
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Term
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Definition
some people are born criminal (atavist)
people with underdeveloped evolutionary features have a greater chance of committing crimes |
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Term
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Definition
| the people agreed to give up certain powers in return for the benefits of the government |
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Term
| life course theory turning point |
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Definition
continuity in offending seems to stem from those who are deviant at an early age
ex)marriage school work |
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Term
| life course theory trajectories |
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Definition
change in offending occurs at different times
things that keep you on the offending path |
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Term
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Definition
| frees us from the guilt of crime; we rationalize our behaviors |
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Term
| Routine activities theory |
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Definition
need to meet in time and space
1. motivated offender
2. suitable target
3. absence of a capable guardian |
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Term
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Definition
ecto - slim
meso - aggressive Criminal one
endo - fat/jolly |
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Term
| classical theory's assumptions about human nature |
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Definition
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Term
| collective efficacy simpson |
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Definition
The willingness of residents to intervene in stopping delinquent/criminal behavior demonstrates community cohesion
- exercise in informal social control |
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Term
broken windows theory
Wilson and Kelling |
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Definition
When neighborhoods experience decay/disorder, it deomonstrates lack of concern and can increase crime because there isn't unity/enforcement
solution: zero tolerance policing |
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Term
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Definition
arresting for all things illegal no matter how minor
i.e. littering |
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Term
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Definition
show no attachment (social bond theory)
no empathy or compassion |
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Term
Robert K. Merton
(social structure and anomie) |
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Definition
5 forms of adaptations
1. conformist
2. Innovators
3. Ritualist
4. retreatist
5. rebels |
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Term
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Definition
| dont have the goals, but have access to the means...This individual goes through the motions of getting an education and working hard, yet is not committed to the goal of accumulating wealth or power. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when individuals accept the culturally defined goals and the socially legitimate means of achieving them. Merton suggest that most individuals, even those who do not have easy access to the means and goals, remain conformists. |
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Term
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Definition
have the goals but not the means
- most common form of criminals |
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Term
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Definition
has neither the goals nor the means, withdraws from society
ex) drug addict, alcoholic, vagrant |
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Term
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Definition
| rejects goals and means. may advocate for social justice and equality |
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Term
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Definition
argues for unequal distribution of wealth
Crime is a form of rebellion against social order
Bourgeoisie, proletariat,lumpenproletariat |
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Term
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Definition
| lowest class, need to be punished most severely, steal from the poor, do not realize that they have the power to rise up |
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Term
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Definition
1. Criminal behaviors is learned
2. It is learned in interaction with others in a process of communication
3. O learning criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups
4. Learning includes
a. Techniques of the action
b. Direction of motives, drivers, rationalization, and attitudes
5. Direction of motives and drives learned from legal codes as being favorable or unfavorable
6. We become delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law over definitions unfavorable to violation
7. DA may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
8. Learning criminal patterns involves all the mechanisms involved with any other learning
9. Criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values but not explained by them. Non-criminal behavior is also an expression of these same needs and values.
differential association |
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Term
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Definition
| Learn through interaction and exposure to different norms |
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Term
Ronald Akers
(social learning theory) |
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Definition
expanded sutherlands theory
Differential association
Learn from interacting with others
Definitions
Different attitudes are attached to different behaviors
Differential reinforcement
Positive vs negative reinforcement
Imitation/Modeling
Copying an act |
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Term
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Definition
wrote outsiders
4 types of deviance:
- conformist: no violation of the law
- pure deviant: known violations of the law
- secret deviant: unknown violations of the law
- falsely accused : false positives |
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Term
| condemnation and redemption scripts |
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Definition
| Individual writes a script for himself to either condemn or redeem himself. If he chooses to redeem himself, he will begin to desist from crime. If he condemns himself, he will continue to commit crim |
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Term
messner and rosenfeld
institutional anime theory |
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Definition
Self-worth determined by net worth- non monetary aims are diminished. People’s goals are to earn money at any cost, without stopping.
Restraints: social institutions are designed to maintain norms and values in order to regulate conduct (economy, policy, education, family). Currently, there is an institutional imbalance in power. |
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Term
3 stages of economic ascendancy
(Messner and Rosenfeld) |
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Definition
- devaluation: homeowner not homemaker has value, being a good student is not prestigious
-accomodation: schooling sought to get a good job
- penetration: belief that government is good if run like a business |
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Term
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Definition
| deviant behavior that occurs before you're actually labeled deviant |
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Term
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Definition
| criminal acts that occur because of or in response to the label of criminal that has been applied |
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Term
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Definition
Howard Beckers - Outsiders
Restraints: social institutions are designed to maintain norms and values in order to regulate conduct (economy, policy, education, family). Currently, there is an institutional imbalance in power.
they set out to redefine laws |
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Term
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Definition
| an intense feeling expressed in a population about an issue that appears to threaten social order; this is when moral entrepreneurs come and try to solve the issue in the way that they believe is “just” |
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Term
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Definition
labeling theory
our self image is based on how others perceive us |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| status established in order of urgency |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| how long the crime was committed |
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Term
| differential reinforcement |
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Definition
| crime is learned through rewards and punishments |
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Term
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Definition
| method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior |
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Term
analytic induction
(Sutherland) |
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Definition
method of developing theories
observations > theory when its usually vice versa
quantitative research method |
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Term
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Definition
| shames person for their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| shames the act not the person |
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Term
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Definition
sellin
different groups learn different “conduct norms” and the conduct norms of one group might clash with those of another
moral relativism |
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Term
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Definition
| (labeling theory) One of the best policies for society is to not have the criminal justice system intervene at all, because the system would continue harming the society |
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Term
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Definition
Howard Becker
Your most important status,, doctor, mother, student
- once you commit a crime its CRIMINAL |
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Term
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Definition
| social construct of criminal identity |
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Term
General Strain Theory
Robert Agnew |
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Definition
Crime is the result of alleviating negative emotions
3 major strains:
Failure to reach positively valued goals
Loss of positive stimuli - EX: moving schools, parents getting divorced
Introduction of negative stimuli |
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