Term
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Definition
| alternative form of genes; result in slightly different proteins and enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| individuals produce genetically identical offspring (clones) |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes that aren't sex chromosomes (pairs 1-22) |
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Term
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Definition
| organized structure of DNA and protein thats found in cells |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange of genetic materials between homologous chromosomes (Prophase I of meiosis); pieces of one chromosome may be exchanged with the identical portion of the other chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| 2n; has two homologous copies of each chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive cell (sperm and egg) |
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Term
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Definition
| heritable unit (occupies specific positions on the chromosomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| 1n; "split diploid"; has one complete set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes that belong to the same pair (might not have the same alelle!) |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation; Metaphase I |
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Term
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Definition
| period involving all different generations succeeding eachother through reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| the specific location of a gene or DNA on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division of a diploid into 4 haploid cells, which develop to produce gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic materials from two parents combine to form offspring that are genetically distinct from their parents and siblings |
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Term
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Definition
| cell formed by sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| heritable feature for which variants exist |
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Term
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Definition
| trait expressed over another trait |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| crossing of 2 true-breeding parents |
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Term
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Definition
| when F1 hybrids were self-pollinated |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic makeup for a particular trait |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 different alleles, same gene (Rr) |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 identical alleles on the same gene |
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Term
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Definition
| traits with dominant/recessive expression patterns |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| organism's appearance; traits produced by the alleles at the location for the trait |
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Term
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Definition
| masked trait; receded in previous generation |
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Term
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Definition
| only expressed if there are two of them |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a particular variant for the character |
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Term
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Definition
| all the offspring of an individual have the same trait as the parent when the offspring are produced by "selfing" |
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Term
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Definition
| crossing traits with 2 alleles each |
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Term
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Definition
| offspring of 2 crossed individuals |
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Term
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Definition
| not affected by previous trials |
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Term
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Definition
| crossing of individuals and the examination of a single character in their offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| affected by previous trials (remove picked stuff) |
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Term
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Definition
| tool used to predict offspring involving Mendelian traits |
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Term
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Definition
| used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant trait (cross dominant with fully recessive) |
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Term
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Definition
| look at 2 separate events and multiply chances of first by chances of second to see the chances of them happening at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| if something can happen in more than one way, add the chances of each event |
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Term
Law of Segregation happens in..
Law of Independent Assortment happens in.. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A, B, O, AB; example of codominance |
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Term
|
Definition
| both alleles are expressed in the phenotype of individuals that have heterozygous alleles |
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Term
|
Definition
| one allele is completely dominant over another |
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Term
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Definition
| can only be classified on "either or" basis |
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Term
|
Definition
| gene at one location on chromosome can affect the expression of gene at 2nd location (dependent; albino) |
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Term
|
Definition
| heterozygous alleles have a phenotype intermediate between those with homozygous alleles (not one allele is completely dominant over another; pink/lavender) |
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Term
|
Definition
| various codes for different alleles (example: ABO blood groups) |
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Term
|
Definition
| one gene can have multiple effects |
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Term
|
Definition
| characters are controlled by more than one gene |
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Term
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Definition
| expressed in "degrees"; gradient; skin color |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| heterozygote that possess a certain trait (can pass trait on) |
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Term
| deletrious recessive allele |
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Definition
| gene variant that causes side effects (diseased phenotype) |
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Term
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Definition
| describe the inter-relationships between parents and children over generations regarding a specific trait |
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Term
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Definition
| recessive; salt imbalance; mucous buildup; protects against typhoid if heterozygous |
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Term
| Huntingdon's Disease (HD) |
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Definition
| dominant; progressive damage to NS; uncontrollable movements, dementia; late onset |
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Term
|
Definition
| recessive; hinders oxygen transport to RBC; anemia, pain, fever, fatigue; BEST example of natural selection in humans; heterozygous-malaria |
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Term
|
Definition
| recessive; mental retardation; symptoms can be prevented by proper diet; can be detected early |
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Term
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Definition
| dark region inside nucleus of female animal cell; inactive X chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| (bees & ants); females develop from fertilized eggs-2n; males develop from unfertilized eggs-1n |
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Term
|
Definition
| for sex-linked genes; MALES have half as many ("hemi") alleles as a female |
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Term
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Definition
| not-typical/wild type; new phenotype due to mistake |
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Term
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Definition
| genes located on X & Y chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| typical form of a species |
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Term
|
Definition
| gene for inactivation of X chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| some insects; F: XX; M:X (whether or not X is in sperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| humans; F: MM; M: XY (male determines) |
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Term
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Definition
| birds, insects, fish; sperm always contribute Z chromosome; M:ZZ ;F: ZX |
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Term
|
Definition
| shows arrangement of genes on a chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| portrays sequence of genes across a chromosome (sequence/order, not exact position) |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 map unit (1 mu=1% recombination frequency) |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrongenous bases in DNA strands |
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Term
|
Definition
| inherited directly from parents |
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Term
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Definition
| combine genetic material of 2 sources |
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Term
|
Definition
| how often (%) 2 linked genes are separated by recombination |
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Term
| if genes on the same chromosome are far apart, what is the maximum % for recombination frequency? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| how often something happens |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of alleles from one population to another |
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Term
|
Definition
| complete set of unique alleles in a species or population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| NO variation between the members of a population; just one form exists |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| variation of members in a population; more than one form exists, can be extreme variation |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of organisms that are the members of the same species and that live in the same geographical area |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| group of potentially interbreeding individuals that can produce fertile offspring |
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Term
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Definition
| the area a species occupies |
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Term
| changes in allele frequencies |
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Definition
| natural selection, small population size, migration/immigration, mutations, nonrandom matings |
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Term
|
Definition
| when individuals choose mates that have some of the same phenotypic traits as themselves |
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Term
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Definition
| decimates a population and results in only a small fraction of the population surviving (earthquakes, fires, over-hunting) |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a few individuals become geographically from the original population and form a new colony |
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Term
|
Definition
| random fluctuations of allele and genotype frequencies |
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Term
|
Definition
| mating of closely related individuals |
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Term
|
Definition
| evolutionary changes that mark the appearance of a NEW SPECIES |
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Term
|
Definition
| changes that lead to alterations in allele frequencies and genotype frequencies from generation to generation |
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Term
|
Definition
| a change in an organism's DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| works to maintain dynamic state of balance between advantageous and disadvantageous alleles |
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Term
|
Definition
| favors individuals at one extreme/end of the phenotypic range |
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Term
|
Definition
| favors individuals at one extreme/end of the phenotypic range |
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Term
|
Definition
| change of the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations |
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Term
|
Definition
| reproductive success (producing offspring); not longevity, just reproduction |
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Term
| frequency-dependent selection |
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Definition
| provides prey with ability to avoid being hunted, but predators also adapt |
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Term
|
Definition
| keeps allele in the population via balancing selection |
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Term
|
Definition
| "survival of the fittest"; how populations over time adapt to their environments |
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Term
|
Definition
| differences in secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
|
Definition
| selection of mate based on a specific heritable trait; NOT a mode of natural selection |
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Term
|
Definition
| favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes |
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Term
|
Definition
| relatively rapid evolution of many new species from a single common ancestor into diverse habitats |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when populations become physically isolated due to a geographic barrier |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| gametes can't form zygote |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| individual derived from 2 species |
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Term
|
Definition
| hybrids can reproduce, but their offspring have either reduced fertility or reduced viability |
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Term
|
Definition
| genitalia don't "match up" |
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Term
|
Definition
| hybrids are sterile (mules) |
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Term
|
Definition
| hybrids don't mature sexually, so cant reproduce |
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Term
|
Definition
| prevents certain groups from mating |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| when populations become genetically isolated even though ranges overlap |
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Term
|
Definition
| "time"; mating seasons differ |
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Term
|
Definition
| two gametes make a zygote |
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Term
|
Definition
| disproportionate growth (not all parts of body grow at same rate) |
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Term
|
Definition
| structures that arise and are used on one context but in another context have different or additional functions; wings on penguin |
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Term
|
Definition
| general term for any mutation that results in a displaced organ |
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Term
|
Definition
| determine the placement of body parts |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which the timing of sexual maturity is altered (compared to parental group) |
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Term
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Definition
| an alteration in crime, or a change in order, of one or more events |
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Term
|
Definition
| uses half life of carbon 14 to find the approximate age of objects 40,000 years or younger |
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Term
|
Definition
| movement of earth's continents |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| remains or impressions of former living things |
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Term
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Definition
| period of time it takes for a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half |
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Term
|
Definition
| basic monomer of proteins; R group is variable |
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Term
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Definition
| energy storage and structural molecules; storage in nucleic acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| structural molecule (carbs); polymer of glucose |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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Definition
| nucleic acid; deoxyribose; A,T,C, or G |
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Term
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Definition
| animals store surplus sugar in this form |
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Term
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Definition
| resistant to phase changes; takes a lot of energy to create vapor or steam; water's HOV is high! |
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Term
|
Definition
| energy, storage, protection, insulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| large organic compounds; carbs, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| ringed structures; nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| condensation synthesis; one water is REMOVED to join amino acids |
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Term
|
Definition
| lipids that are amphipathic; component of cellular membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids form polypeptide chains |
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Term
|
Definition
| nucleic acid- ribulose; A,G,C,U |
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Term
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Definition
| takes large amount of energy to raise temperature of water; water absorbs and stores heat efficiently |
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Term
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Definition
| card; used for energy storage |
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Term
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Definition
| fats & oils; 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
| unwinds DNA helix; enzyme |
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Term
| single-stranded binding protein |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| initiates replication; enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| adds nucleotides to unwound parent molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| seals fragments (Okazakis) into a continuous strand of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| made of few nucleotides of RNA (starts lagging strand) |
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Term
|
Definition
| separates strands and joins RNA nucleotides along exposed DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| one strand of DNA (complementary to only ONE of the DNA strands) |
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Term
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Definition
| combines with proteins to form ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| has corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| sequence of 3 nucleotides thats complementary to codon in mRNA strand |
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Term
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Definition
| strands have opposite parallels |
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Term
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Definition
| genes can't be "turned on" to synthesize a needed protein, or "turned off" to stop synthesis of a protein that's no longer needed |
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Term
|
Definition
| ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries genetic information on living cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stand that's copied in transcription |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| no gametes; parent splits |
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Term
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Definition
| single-celled prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inorganic substance + carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| energy (organic) + carbon |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| have nuclei, multicellular, larger |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| viruses that infect bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sunlight + organic carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| appendage used in conjugation; in order to produce pili, must have "factor F" |
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Term
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Definition
| lack nuclei, single-celled, small |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| antibacterial medications |
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Term
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Definition
| sticky substances; additional layer outside of cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| rigid layer of polysaccharides enclosing membrane of cells; protective barrier |
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Term
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Definition
| thickly coated, resistant cells; formed in harsh conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| protein components of the outer cell membrane in some gram neg bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins secreted by prokaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| make up membrane of gram neg bacteria; toxic (counteract natural defenses of host) |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by pathogen; when host's immune system is impaired |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| polymer; sugar + polypeptides |
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Term
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Definition
| thin membrane enclosing cytoplasm of cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 species having an extended and intimate association |
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Term
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Definition
| does NOT require oxygen to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms remove contaminants from environments |
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Term
|
Definition
| use simplest form of carbon |
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Term
|
Definition
| can use oxygen if it's present; but not necessary for survival |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cyclic movement of nitrogen in different chemical forms form the environment to organisms & back to the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| "bump" that rhizobia live in (root of plant) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| species of bacteria that make mutualism bond with legumes |
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Term
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Definition
| organisms that live on dead and decaying matter |
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Term
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| major source of chemical energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-spontaneous reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| energy enters the system to do work (+G) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| that which or can move matter |
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Term
|
Definition
| total energy in system (H) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic process |
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Term
|
Definition
| energy exits the system (-G) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| energy available to do work (G) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| energetically unfavorable reaction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| catabolic pathway; series of steps that convert chemical energy in glucose to ATP; anabolism of ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
| molecules that <3 electrons; more likely to oxidize other molecules; steals electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| glucose is partially broken down and NAD+ is generated |
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Term
|
Definition
| initial breakdown of glucose to pyruvate, water, & NADH |
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Term
|
Definition
| oxidized (free to pick up electrons) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| product of glycolysis (pyruvic acid) |
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Term
|
Definition
| transfer of electrons (reduction + oxidation) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| electron is gained ("reducing" positive charge) |
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|
Term
| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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Definition
| phosphorylated molecule transfers a phosphate group to ADP |
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Term
|
Definition
| aids in ATP production (chemiosmosis) |
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|
Term
| charge differential (voltage) |
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Definition
| force caused by a difference in electric charge between 2 areas |
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Term
|
Definition
| ADP to ATP (phosphorylation); movement of hydrogen ions across membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of H+ ions across membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| electron carriers; FAD is oxidized, FADH2 is reduced |
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Term
|
Definition
| warm-blooded mammal that keeps body temperature relatively constant |
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Term
|
Definition
| electrons are removed from acetyl CoA and these electrons reduce NAD+ and FAD |
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Term
|
Definition
| Krebs cycle happens here; in mitochondrion |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane-enclosed powerhouse of cell |
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|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| uses energy released from oxidation of nutrients to produce ATP |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| terminal electron acceptor |
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Definition
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|
Term
| feedback inhibition (negative feedback) |
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Definition
| reaction's end products halt the reaction when enough product is made |
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Term
|
Definition
| initiate enzymes to facilitate reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme + substrate; specific! |
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Term
|
Definition
| input of energy to start a reaction |
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Term
|
Definition
| substrates fit into this (key & lock) |
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Term
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Definition
| causes conformational changes when allosteric sites are filled |
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Term
|
Definition
| certain type of molecule that enzymes act on |
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Term
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Definition
| one organism begins living inside another |
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Term
|
Definition
| change enzyme's conformation so substrate can't bind to it |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| prevents oxidation or inhibits reactions promoted by oxygen |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| continuous; 4 phases: M phase, G1, S, G2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| organelles and other cytoplasmic components that were replaced during G1, S, G2 are partitioned |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells are "chillin" before mitosis starts |
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Term
|
Definition
| separation of chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| mitosis + cytokinesis; part of cell cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes align at middle of cell on the metaphase plate |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| condensation of chromosomes (wind up!) |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2nd stage of interphase between G1 & G2; period of replication |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| network of actin filaments and microtubules in cytoplasm |
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Term
|
Definition
| series of membranes suspended in cytoplasm (compartments) |
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|
Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| houses ribosomes (where proteins get synthesized) |
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Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| synthesizes lipids & degrades toxins |
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Term
|
Definition
| process in Golgi apparatus |
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Term
|
Definition
| involved in processing proteins (membrane-bound) |
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Term
|
Definition
| "cables"; support cell structure and anchoring organelles |
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Term
|
Definition
| break down material in cytoplasm; eats shit! |
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Term
|
Definition
| actin "beads" involved in cell motility |
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Term
|
Definition
| hollow tubes; paired tubulin molecules; mitosis/structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| holes in nuclear envelope that process mRNA migrates to ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| signal recognition particle (SRP) |
|
Definition
| recognizes and targets specific proteins to endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes |
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Term
|
Definition
| small cavities enclosed in membranes that hug the internal cell surface |
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Term
|
Definition
| monophyletic; alveoli; dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, ciliates |
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Term
|
Definition
| cluster of microtubules & organelles located in apex of cells in infectious stage |
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Term
|
Definition
| parasites (live & reproduce within tissues of animals) |
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Definition
| dinstinct shapes; "frames"; flagella |
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| Euglena & its relatives; photosynthetic, flagella, paramylum (surplus carbs) |
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Definition
| monophyletic; heterotrophs & autotrophs |
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Definition
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| euglenozoans (trypanosoma); have large mitochondrion and kinetoplast |
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Definition
| anaerobes; lack functional mitochondria; Trychomonas (STD) & Trychonympha (termite guts) |
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Definition
| euglenoids store surplus carbs from photosynthesis as this |
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Definition
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Definition
| related to amoeboid protists; unicellular; large bags of cytoplasm |
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Definition
| undergo more photosynthesis more than plants; produce 90% of oxygen |
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Definition
| pigments (in chloroplasts) |
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Definition
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Definition
| stacks of grana (flattened thylakoids) |
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Term
| electromagnetic radiation |
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Definition
| how sunlight energy is released from thermonuclear reactions in the sun |
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Definition
| thylakoids (flattened membranes); stacks |
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Definition
| NADPH+ is final electron acceptor at ETC, reduced to NADPH |
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Definition
| sun's energy transforms into chemical energy |
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Definition
| "packets" of light that travel |
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Definition
| production of ATP using energy of sunlight |
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Definition
| 1st ETC; light absorbed by pigments, channeled to chlorophyll, excites electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd ETC; 2nd type of chlorophyll molecule |
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Definition
| compounds that absorb light |
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Definition
| light reactions occur here (in chloroplasts) |
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Definition
| distance over which the wave's shape repeats |
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Definition
| glucose is made; uses ATP & NADPH from light reactions |
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Definition
| carbon dioxide fixed into sugars; oxidized back into carbon dioxide |
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Definition
| analyzing dead algae for amount of carbon |
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Definition
| total energy in relations and transformations in a system |
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Definition
| 3C molecule; regenerates to RuBP |
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Definition
| enzyme adds carbon dioxide to 5C RuBP to make 6 carbon molecule |
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Definition
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| alternation of generations |
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Definition
| alternation between MULTICELLULAR haploid & diploid stages |
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Definition
| green algae; resemble plants |
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Definition
| golden algae; accessory pigments are carotenoids and xanthophylls |
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Definition
| encased in (glass) silica shell & lined with perforations for gas-exchange |
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Definition
| haploid & diploid stages exhibit different forms |
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Definition
| threadlike filaments forming fungal mycelium |
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Definition
| haploid and diploid stages exhibit structurally similar forms |
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Definition
| cellulose; diploid; non-photosynthetic; resemble algae |
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Definition
| brown algae; large!; kelp forests |
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Definition
| red pigments; can be dark |
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Definition
| projections used by golden algae to prey on smaller organisms |
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Definition
| marine algae; red accessory pigments |
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Definition
| thallus; holdfast; blades |
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Definition
| glass-like shell on diatoms |
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| diatoms, seaweeds, water molds |
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| waxy; found on surface of all above-ground parts of the plant |
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Definition
| embryo is within gametangium |
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Definition
| site of gamete production (can be male or female) |
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Definition
| root-like structures to anchor nonvascular plants to the surface they grow on |
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Definition
| allow transport of water and nutrients throughout the plant |
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| lipid; keeps moisture in plants; hydrophobic, impermeable to water |
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Definition
| 2 types of HAPLOID spores (M & F) |
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| single type of spore (bisexual) |
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Definition
| sphenophyta (seedless vascular) |
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| stable molecule; gives support to plants & wood |
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Definition
| develops into haploid female gametophytes, then produce eggs |
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Definition
| develop into male gametophytes, produce sperm |
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Definition
| transports sugars made during photosynthesis down to roots for energy |
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Definition
| vasculature where water & minerals travel from roots up to stems to other parts of the plant; nonliving |
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Definition
| nonflowering seed plant; slow-growing and long-lived perrenials |
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Definition
| trees that drop their leaves each fall |
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Definition
| 2 sperm cells enter ovule; one gets egg (2n) and one gets other cell (3n) |
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Definition
| "silver apricot"; dioecious; motile sperm; look along sidewalk |
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Definition
| nonflowering seed plant; related to angiosperms; ONLY plant to undergo double fertilization |
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Definition
| "naked seed"; nonflowering seed plants |
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Definition
| M & F reproductive parts reside on same plant |
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Definition
| nourishes gametophyte; seeds develop in here |
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Definition
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Definition
| 2 embryonic leaves (peanuts, beans, pumpkins) |
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Definition
| has BOTH stamens & carpels |
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| has BOTH stamens & carpels |
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Definition
| male pollen reaches female stigma |
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Definition
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| anchors plants; take up water & nutrients |
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| aerial part of plant (stem, etc.) |
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