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| Three Functions of Nervous Systems |
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Definition
| Sensory Input (detect information), Integration and analysis of sensory input, Motor Output |
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Definition
| Basic unit of communication in nervous system, there are about a billion in the human body. They produce and conduct electrical signals. |
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| Functional Zones of a Neuron |
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Definition
| Cell Body, Axon, Dendrites |
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Definition
| Contains nucleus and organelles |
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Definition
| (numerous) receive stimuli (input zones) |
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| A much longer extension that transmits signals to other cells, which may be other neurons or effector cells. |
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| Afferent, Efferent, Interneurons |
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Definition
| Sensory Neurons, carry impulses to the central nervous system (CNS) |
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Definition
| Motor neurons, carry impulses away from the central nervous system (Effect!) |
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Definition
| Found inside brain and spinal cord. The most common type of neuron. They bridge the gap between sensory and motor neurons. |
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Definition
| Baseline conditions: no stimulation or producing electronic signals. |
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Definition
| Steady voltage difference across membrane. Cytoplasm inside is negative, and the fluid just outside the membrane is positive. More K+ inside, more Na+ outside. This is because sodium channels are gated. V= -70 |
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Definition
| Stimulation Arrives at Segment --> Sodium Channels Open -----> Sodium Rushes into Cell ---> Depolarization |
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Definition
| Any factor which causes a nerve signal to be generated |
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Term
| Repolarization of the Membrane |
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Definition
| At the peak of action potential, the membrane becomes impermeable to Na+ ions (Na channels become closed). Then K channels open, and K rushes out of cell. |
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Term
| How do you get a nerve impulse? |
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Definition
| A threshold potential must be achieved. When this is obtained, voltage gated sodium channels open, and sodium rushes in. Gates are sensitive to voltage changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve Cells will fire at full power or not at all! The frequency of action potentials changes the intensity of stimuli, as well as the number of neurons involved. |
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Definition
| Connection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another. Tips of axons contain tiny synaptic vesicles. |
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Definition
| A neurotransmitter (small, nitrogen-containing organic molecule), which is important in the brain and at synapses between motor neurons and muscle cells. |
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Definition
| Sensory neurons directly synapse on motor neurons |
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Definition
| Brain (processes memory, emotions, initiates responses), Spinal Cord (pathway + reflexes) |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| Somatic (sensory/motor neurons), Automatic (involuntary, sympathetic, parasympathetic) |
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Definition
| Stimulus is converted into action potential. Signals are interpreted at taste, sound, sight, touch, etc. |
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| Pressure, touch, motion, stretch, sound |
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| Either concentration of solutions or specific molecules; taste, smell |
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| A receptor for pain or injury |
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| A long, coiled tube that contains 3 fluid filled canals. The organ of Corti is in the middle canal, and contains an array of hair cells which act as sensory receptors for the ear. |
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Definition
| Compound Eye (consists of many tiny light-detecting units called ommatidia), and Single-Lens eye (Works like a camera) |
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Definition
| Stimulated by bright light and can distinguish color, but they contribute little to night vision. |
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Definition
| Extremely sensitive to light and enable us to see in dim light at night, though only in shades of gray. |
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Definition
| Hydrostatic, Exoskeleton, Endoskeleton |
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Definition
| Consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment. Helps protect other body parts, cushioning them from shocks. Example = earthworms |
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Definition
| Signals from CNS are conveyed through motor neurons. When a MN sends out an action potential, its synaptic terminals release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which diffuses across the synapse to the plasma membrane of the muscle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Myosin attaches to binding site on actin 2) Cross bridge bends, pulls on actin
3) Myosin pulls away from actin
4) Go to 1 |
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Definition
| Chemical secretions from a cell that adjust the behavior of other "target cells" |
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| A chemical signal that is carried by the circulatory system (usually blood) and communicates messages throughout the body. |
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Definition
| Make and secrete hormones |
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Term
| Two body systems for communication and chemical regulation |
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Definition
| Nervous system and Endocrine system |
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Definition
| The cells which are equipped to respond to hormones. All other cells will ignore signals. |
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Definition
| Carry messages between different individuals of a species, such as in mate attraction |
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Term
| How hormones affect target cells... |
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Definition
| Hydrophillic (peptides) and hydrophobic (steroids). Reception, signal transduction, and response. |
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Term
| Ways hormones affect target cells... |
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Definition
| Induce target cell to increase uptake of a substance, stimulate or inhibit protein synthesis |
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Definition
| Lipid Soluble, may pass through membrane. Receptors are inside the cell. Usually targets the DNA. |
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Definition
| Water soluble, cannot pass through cell membrane. Receptors are on cells surface. Requires a second messenger to relay message to cells interior. |
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Definition
| Hypothalamus and Pituitary |
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Term
| Two hormones produced in pancreas |
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Definition
| Insulin, which produces the hormone glucagon |
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Definition
| Fuel mobilizer, signaling liver cells to break down glycogen into glucose and convert amino acids and fat derived glycerol to glucose |
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Definition
| Stimulates almost all body cells to take up glucose from blood. Also stimulates cells to metabolize the glucose for immediate energy use. |
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| Carries blood the heart and gas exchange tissues in the lungs |
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Definition
| Carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body |
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Definition
| Four chambers, separately but simultaneously pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood to the body. When it contracts, it pumps blood, when it relaxes, it fills with blood. |
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Definition
| When the entire heart is relaxed |
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Definition
| Begins with contraction of atria that completely fills the ventricles with blood. Then AV valves close, and semilunar valves at exit of each ventricle open and pump blood into arteries. |
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| Unique trait of the heart muscle |
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Definition
| It can contract on it's own. It has it's own heart beat! |
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| Highest in your arteries (oxygen), lowest in your veins (limited oxygen). |
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Definition
| Low systolic (below 110) Example: 100/70 |
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Definition
| High systolic (example 170/110) |
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Definition
1) Transports gases, nutrients, and other solutes
2) Carries away cellular waste and hormones
3) Helps stabilize internal pH
4) Serves as highway for immune system |
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| Separate system that drains tissues from excess fluid around cells (leakage from capillaries) |
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Definition
| Made up of living cells whose plasma membranes must be wet to function properly |
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Term
| Diffusion Rates Depend On |
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Definition
| Surface Area, Thickness, How moist the medium is |
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