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| a threadlike, gene-carrying sstructure found in the nucleus |
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| a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divide into four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
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| A single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus. |
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| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. |
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| the two chromatids of a chromosome held together by a centromere |
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| The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis |
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| A haploid cell such as an egg or sperm. (sex cell) |
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| A cell containing only one set of chromosomes |
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| A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent |
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| The diploid product of the union of haploid gametes in conception; a fertilized egg |
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| Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg cell |
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| A two-stage type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that results in cells with half the chromosome number of the original cell |
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| the pairing of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. |
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| a group of four cells formed by two divisions of a spore mother cell |
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| sorting independently during anaphase |
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| A method of organizing the chromosomes of a cell in relation to number, size, and type |
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| The reciprocal exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during synapsis of meiosis I |
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| the separation of alleles into different gametes during meiosis, such that each gamete controls only one allele for each trait |
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| Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| law stating that pairs of genes separate independently of one another in meiosis |
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Definition
| Breeding an individual of unknown genotype to a homozygous recessive individual to reveal the unknown genotype |
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| Having two different alleles for a given genetic character |
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| Having two identical alleles for a given trait |
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| A technique for determining genetic abnormalities in a fetus by the presence of certain chemicals or defective fetal cells in the amniotic fluid, obtained by aspiration from a needle inserted into the uterus |
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| Chorionic Villus Sampling |
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Definition
| A technique for diagnosing genetic and congenital defects in a fetus by removing and analyzing a small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta |
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Definition
| Minor variations of the same gene |
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Definition
| A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses) |
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| The material inside the nucleus of cells that carries genetic information. |
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| A chemical similar to DNA from which proteins are made. |
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Definition
| The basic building blocks of nucleic acids. They are made up of a nitrogen-containing purine or pyrimidine base linked to a sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) and a phosphate group. |
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| The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template |
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| The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids |
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| = The sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets (codons) along the mRNA, that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis. |
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| A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code |
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| A specialized base triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule |
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Definition
| A rare change in the DNA of a gene ultimately creating genetic diversity |
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| An RNA virus that reproduces by transcribing its RNA into DNA and then inserting the DNA into a cellular chromosome; an important class of cancer-causing viruses |
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| The name of the late stages of HIV infection; defined by a specified reduction of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections |
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| Genes that are located on the same chromosome |
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| Carried by a sex chromosome, especially an X chromosome. Used of genes. |
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| A diagram used in the study of inheritance to show the results of random fertilization |
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| The study of the functions of an organism. |
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| The steady-state physiological condition of the body. |
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| a sensory system located in structures of the inner ear that registers the orientation of the head |
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| = A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change. |
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| = A control mechanism in which a chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, or hormone-secreting gland is inhibited by the products of the reaction, pathway, or gland. As the concentration of the products builds up, the product molecules themselves inhibit the process that produced them. |
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Definition
| A control mechanism in which a chemical reaction, metabolic pathway, or hormone-secreting gland is inhibited by the products of the reaction, pathway, or gland. As the concentration of the products builds up, the product molecules themselves inhibit the process that produced them. |
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Definition
| The process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. |
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| Rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscle that push food along the digestive tract. |
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| A burning discomfort that is generally felt in the chest, just behind the breastbone. The burning sensation results when stomach acids back into the esophagus |
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| many fine, fingerlike projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area |
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Definition
| A fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine. (2) A fingerlike projection of the chorion of the mammalian placenta. |
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| A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). |
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Definition
| The incomplete intracellular breakdown of sugar or other organic compounds in the absence of oxygen that releases some energy and produces organic acids and/or alcohol. |
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| taking a material into the body by breathing it in |
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| breathing air out of the lungs |
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| A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to organs throughout the body |
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| A vessel that returns blood to the heart. |
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| Small, muscular branches of arteries. When they contract, they increase resistance to blood flow, and blood pressure in the arteries increases |
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Definition
| A vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein |
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| A microscopic blood vessel that penetrates the tissues and consists of a single layer of endothelial cells that allows exchange between the blood and interstitial fluid |
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| The liquid matrix of blood in which the cells are suspended |
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| A type of cancer of the blood-forming tissues, characterized by an excessive production of white blood cells and an abnormally high number of them in the blood; cancer of the bone marrow cells that produce leukocytes |
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Definition
| The internal environment of vertebrates, consisting of the fluid filling the spaces between cells |
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| An antigen-binding immunoglobulin, produced by B cells, that functions as the effector in an immune response |
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Definition
| A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and that elicits an immune response |
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Definition
| A substance released by injured cells that causes blood vessels to dilate during an inflammatory response |
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Definition
| A chemical messenger of the immune system, produced by virus-infected cells and capable of helping other cells resist the virus |
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Definition
| This system is a complex biochemical cascade of the immune system, leading to cytolysis, chemotaxis, opsonization and inflammation, and it can mark pathogens for phagocytosis. |
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