Term
| How to recognize the carbohydrate formula |
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Definition
| 1:2:1 ratio of Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen |
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Term
| The function of a carbohydrate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Takes out and combines the water as well as forming a polysaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
How carbs breakthings apart using water
A poly saccharide into monosaccharide(s) and disaccharide(s) |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen |
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Term
| What is the function of lipids? |
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Definition
| Energy storage, regulate body temperature, regulate hormones, make up the cell membrane |
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Term
| How are lipids arranged in the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| The tails on the inside and the heads facing outwards towards the water |
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Term
| What are proteins made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first layer of protein structure and what does it look like? |
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Definition
| Primary strcuture; a linear arrangement of amino acids |
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Term
| What is the second layer of protein structure and what does it look like? |
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Definition
| Secondary structure; folding and coiling of the string of amino acids |
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Term
| What is the third layer of protein structure and what does it look like? |
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Definition
| Tertiary structure; a three dimensional structure made from the coiling and folding of the string |
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Term
| What is the fourth layer of protein structure and what does it look like? |
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Definition
| Quaternary structure; two or more tertiary structures locking together |
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Term
| What is the function of proteins? |
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Definition
| Make up muscles, proteins in eyes and hair, red blood cells, scabs, hormones, etc. (nearly everything in the body) |
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Term
| What determines the function of a protein? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They speed up a chemical reaction without being used up |
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Term
| What is an example of an enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of DNA? |
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Definition
| Contains genetic instructions for the devlopment and function of living things |
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Term
| What is the sructure of DNA? |
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Definition
A twisted ladder
Sugar and phosphate on the outside
Base pairs join at the sugars
Base pairs A&T and G&C join with hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyrimidines are sections of purines |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of basic proteins found in a chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA wrapped around a histone |
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Term
| What is the process of replication? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process of transcription? |
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Definition
| The process of using DNA to make RNA |
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Term
| What is a mutation and how does it happen? |
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Definition
| When there is a change in the structure of a gene |
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Term
| What is PCR and how does it work? |
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Definition
| Takes DNA and has a way of copying it to make it easier to work with; Heats it up, separates them, allows them to cool, forms new bonds |
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Term
| What are restriction enzymes and what are they used for? |
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Definition
| They cut the DNA molecule in a particular place; cut DNA into a ton of tiny pieces |
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Term
| What is gel electrophoresis and what info can be gathered from it? |
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Definition
| Process by which you are comparing two saamples of DNA; the relation between DNA |
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Term
| How are genetically modified organisms made? |
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Definition
| PCR makes tons of copies, chosen gene is cut with restriction enzymes, cut organism so they both have sticky ends, add enzymes to help join the sticky ends together |
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Term
| What are the three types of RNA and what does each do? |
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Definition
mRNA carries info from DNA to cytoplasm
tRNA brings in the amino acids to build the protein
rRNA acts like an enzyme to position the mRNA and tRNA so the protein forms |
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Term
| What are the three ways that RNA is different from DNA? |
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Definition
Ribose vs. Deoxyribose
Uracil vs. Thymine
Single stranded |
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Term
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Definition
1. Helicase
2. Topoisomerase |
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Term
| Roles of promoters, operators, and repressors during Transcription |
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Definition
Promoters: where the RNA Polymerase attaches (TATA Box)
Operators: an on off switch
Repressors: attach at the operator
Attached repressor=Operator off |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of making protein using RNA |
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Term
| The structure of chromosomes during mitosis |
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Definition
| Sister chromatids, spindle fibers form at the cenromere, the chromatids are pulled apart |
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Term
| How can RNA be translated into proteins? |
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Definition
mRNA codes for amino acids using three letter groups (codons)
rRNA positions the molecules the right way so the proteins can get built
tRNA carries in the correct amino acids to build the protein by matching three bases (anticodons) to the codon |
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Term
| Why does water have polarity? |
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Definition
| The more protons and neutrons in the nucleus means that they will have more electrons |
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Term
| Why is water a good solvent? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three parts of cell theory? |
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Definition
1. All living things are made up of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function.
3. Cells come from existing cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The nutrients can only enter from the outside. |
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Term
| What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? |
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Definition
1 vs. 1+
Eukaryotes are larger
Prokaryotes are older
Simple vs. Complex
Eukaryotes have organelles
Circular vs. Strand DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Only plant cells have a cell membrane |
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Term
| What is the function of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| It contains and protects cell by controlling what enters and leaves |
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Term
| How do molecules move during passive transport? |
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Definition
| From high concentration to low concentration without using energy |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of atoms to move from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| The natural tendency of water to diffuse from high to low across a membrane |
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Term
| How do molecules move during active transport? |
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Definition
| Across the membrane from low concentration to high concentration while using energy |
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Term
| What is the difference between the light cycle and the dar cycle? |
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Definition
| The light cycle is during the day and the dark cycle at night |
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Term
| What is the difference between Photosystems 1 and 2 |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
1. Glycolysis
2. Kreb's Cycle
3. Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
| How much ATP is produced in each step of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during cellular respiration without oxygen? |
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Definition
| No more ATP is made and anerobic respiration commences |
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Term
| What is the function of the nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the nucleolus? |
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Definition
| DNA to make the ribosomes |
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Term
| What is the function of the ribosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| Makes lipids and transports things |
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Term
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus? |
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Definition
| Collect, package,and modify stuff in the cell |
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Term
| What is the function of the vacuole? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the lysosome? |
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Definition
| Contains digestive enzymes to recycle molecules that are no longer needed |
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Term
| What is the function of the cell wall? |
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Definition
| To provide structure and protection for plant cells |
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