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Definition
| the academic discipline that studies language |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of language as it is used and learned by people |
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Term
| What are Hockett's characteristics or design features of language? |
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Definition
Cultural Transmission-we acquire language from other speakers
Semanticity-language conveys meaning
Arbitrariness-No inherent connection between the units in a language and the meanings referred to by those units
Flexibility of Symbols-connection between symbols and meaning in language is arbitrary
Displacement-the ability to talk about something other than the present moment
Productivity-language is a productive and inherently novel activity, we generate sentences rather than repeat them |
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Term
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Definition
| a discriminable language sound (but no effect on meaning, ex the "p" in "pot" and "spot") |
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| the smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning of speech (ex "a" in "cat" and "cape") |
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Definition
| the smallest unit of language that has meaning |
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| How is mean length of utterance (MLU) defined? |
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| average number of morphemes per sentence |
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| Define the prelinguistic stages of initial language development |
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Definition
Crying (birth-2m)
Cooing (2-4m) -vowel like sounds and laughing
Babbling (4-14m)
vocal play (4-6m) single syllables with many vowels and consonants
reduplicative babbling (6-10m) repetitions of a basic syllable
nonreduplicative babbling (10-14m) single words or word like sounds are made |
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| Define the linguistic stages of initial language development |
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Definition
One-word stage (Holophrastic)- first word sometime between 10-17m
two-word stage, three-word stage, etc, first 2 word sentence typically appears between 18 and 20 m, typically 1000 or more two-word statements appear monthly |
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Definition
| concerned with social conventions and assumptions used in language |
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| concerns the sounds of language and the rules for combining them into syllables and words |
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| concerns the rules for combining words to form sentences |
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Term
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| concerns the meaning of linguistic elements, such as morphemes, words, and sentences |
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Term
| What are Searle's speech acts? |
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Definition
Assertives-assert the speaker's belief in some proposition
Directives-instructions from the speaker to the listener
Commissives-utterances that commit the speaker to some later action
Expressives describe the condition of the speaker
Declarations-the utterance is itself the action |
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Term
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Definition
| the semantics of the utterance itself |
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Term
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Definition
| the communicative intent of the speaker |
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| the ultimate consequences of the utterance when received |
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Term
| What the the Gricean maxims? |
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Definition
Quantity-make contributions of no more or no less information than required
Quality-be truthful, factual, and do not make claims for which you have no evidence
Relation-provide contextually relevant information
Manner-use understandable language, avoid ambiguity, and be orderly |
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Term
| What are the potential limitations of left-right grammar? |
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Definition
| limited creativity, does not take into account a sentence's deep structure |
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Term
| Phrase sentence grammar assumes that sentences are composed of what? |
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Definition
| Assumes that sentences are composed of hierarchically organized parts, or constituents |
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Term
| What is the purpose of transformational rules of grammar? |
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Definition
| Rules that transform the deep structure (the meaning of the sentence at its most basic abstract level) into the words or sounds of the surface structure (the literal string of words or sounds that form a sentence as written or spoken) |
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Term
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Definition
| rapid movement (jump) of the eyes from one point to another, typically 6-8 letters taking 20-40ms |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced visual information intake during a saccade |
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Term
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Definition
| brief "focus" of the eye of 20 ms or longer to take in information |
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Term
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Definition
| how long the eyes fixate on a word |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of text that can be processed to the left or right of fixation (for languages read left to right, 3 letters to the left and up to 14 letters to the right) |
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Term
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Definition
| a saccade backwards to an earlier portion of the text (make up 10-15% of saccades for typical readers) |
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Term
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Definition
| words are interpreted and assigned their semantic and syntactic roles immediately when encountered |
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Term
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Definition
| a fixated word is one that is being actively processed during reading |
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Term
| The average college student reads at what rate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What did Carver and Just and Carpenter discover about speed reading? |
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Definition
Carver concluded that comprehension is impossible at rates about 600 wpm
Just and Carpenter found that speed readers and skimmers were equal on comprehension and both scored 7-15% lower than normal readers on the materials used |
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Term
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Definition
"Direct" or Lexical-visual form of the word is used directly to identify the semantic memory representation of the word (its meaning and sound)
"Indirect" or Non-Lexical-the letter input is translated to the phonological representation of the word (sounds making up the word) before the word is identified |
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Term
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Definition
| can read words that adhere to the letter-sound rules of language, but mispronounce exceptions to the rules (ex "speak" pronounced correctly, "break" pronounced "breek") consistent with an impaired "direct" lexical route |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty reading isolated letters aloud and reading nonwords or unfamiliar words (ex "brane" cannot pronounce, "brain" can pronounce) consistent with an impaired "indirect" non-lexical route |
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| Linguistic Relativity hypothesis |
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Definition
| your language shapes your perception and cognition |
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Term
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Definition
| a word-for-word transcription of what the subject said aloud during the problem solving attempt |
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Term
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Definition
| the initial, intermediate, and goal states in a problem and the problem solver's knowledge and any external resources that can be used to solve the problem |
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Definition
| finding an acceptable or satisfactory solution to a problem, even thought the solution may not be optimal |
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Definition
| the set of legal moves that can be performed during problem solving |
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Definition
| ultimate solution to the problem |
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| an intermediate goal that must be achieved to reach a final goal |
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Definition
| vaguely specifies the starting or goal states, the operators, or both |
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Definition
| explicitly specifies the starting state, goal, and operators |
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Term
| Greeno classified well-defined into what three categories? |
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Definition
Inducing structure-require the discovery of a pattern that can connect the parts of the problem
Transformation-require manipulation of objects or symbols in accordance with rules
Arrangement of elements-elements of the problem must be rearranged to achieve a goal |
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Term
| What were the two lasting contributions to the study of problem solving by the Gestalt psychologists? |
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Definition
| Insight in problem solving and obstacles to problem solving |
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Term
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Definition
| a deep, useful understanding of the nature of a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| an inability to think of or consider anything but the customary uses for objects and tools |
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Definition
| to become accustomed to a single approach or way of thinking about a problem, making it difficult to recognize or generate alternative approaches, tendency to see things in a certain way, even though other ways are better or equally as good |
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| often complex rule or procedure that always produces the correct answer if followed |
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Definition
| short cut strategy or rule of thumb that might not produce the correct answer |
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| 4 examples of a Heuristic |
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Definition
Hill Climbing-searching for an operator that will take you closer to the goal
Working Backward-beginning at the goal state and working back to the starting state
Means-Ends Analysis-repeatedly determining the difference between the current state and the goal or subgoal state, and finding an operator that reduces the difference
Generate and Test-generating possible solutions and testing them |
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Term
| The limitation shared in common by hill climbing, working backward, and means-ends analysis as stand-alone heuristics is what? |
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Definition
| complex problems often require movement both forward and backward through the problem space |
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Term
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Definition
a conceptual structure consisting of a set of rules or ideas is mapped onto another conceptual structure
Base domain-1st conceptual structure
Target domain-2nd conceptual structure |
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| What were the findings of the Gick and Holyoak study? |
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Definition
| found that subjects exposed to a prior problem that was similar by analogy were more likely to solve a problem than those without this experience |
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Term
| According to the Multiconstraint theory of anological problem solving, what the the three factors that determine the usefulness of analogies? |
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Definition
Problem similarity-high surface similarity between the base and target domains is beneficial
Mapping of problem structure-better transfer occurs when elements of the base domain map onto corresponding elements in the target domain
Purpose-better transfer occurs when the purpose of problem solving is shared between the base and target domains |
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