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| study of organisms and the interactions and relationships between organisms and their environment |
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| study of genetic changes that have occurred in past organisms and those that are occurring in organisms today |
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| duplicate groups to see if results are consistent and measure amount of variation |
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| not manipulated; compare to experimental group |
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| models that can be solved mathematically; example: population growth |
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| models that describe relationships between multiple variables; example: spatial distributions of organisms |
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- observe patterns and trends
- observe processes
- explain causation
- build theories
- predict future outcomes
- contribute info to other fields |
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| 6 goals of ecology and evolution |
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- time (present day to future)
- spatial (local or global)
- hierarchy levels (individuals, populations, species) |
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| observe patterns 3 ways in ecology |
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| Earth probably formed _____ years ago, and the first life evolved as early as _____ years ago. |
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| used water as an electron source for photosynthesis |
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| The atmosphere of early Earth probably contained no O2 until the emergence of organisms that _____. |
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| D. the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules |
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The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. Which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?
A. the evolution of chloroplasts after early protists incorporated photosynthetic cyanobacteria
B. the persistence of some animal groups in anaerobic habitats
C. the evolution of multicellular eukaryotic colonies from communities of prokaryotes
D. the evolution of cellular respiration, which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules
E. the evolution of photosynthetic pigments that protected early algae from the corrosive effects of oxygen |
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| a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment |
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| who proposed that life evolved from a single ancestor? |
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| who said that organisms change over time and adapt to their environment? |
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| founder of evolutionary biology |
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| corrected Charles Darwin by proposing uniformitariansim: changes are ongoing and gradual |
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| said that populations cannot expand indefinitely because resources are limited |
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x-axis = relatedness
y-axis = time |
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| in the phylogenetic tree, the x-axis shows? the y-axis shows? |
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| concluded that new species must arise from preexisting ones |
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| a nonrandom process by which traits in a population change in frequency as a result of differential reproductive success of individuals that possess those traits |
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| can natural selection prepare a species for future changes in the environment? |
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- variation in and heritability of traits
- mutation
- meiosis - recombination |
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| 3 things that must be present for natural selection to take place |
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| encode transcription factors with a DNA-binding domain called a homeo box, and regulate development of the vertebrate body plan |
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| the geographic distribution of organisms |
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| organisms living in different parts of the world with similar habitats |
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| a single lineage that undergoes rapid speciation showing ecological and phenotypic diversity |
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| genes that are still present in the genome but are no longer functional |
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| mutation in cells of body (not inherited) |
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| mutation in the gametes (inherited) |
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| mutation with nucleotide substitution |
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redundant
also unambiguous |
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| since more than one codon can specify the same amino acid, the genetic code is |
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| a point mutation that is silen or has no change |
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| point mutation creates a change |
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| point mutation from one aa to another aa |
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| point mutation from sense codon to stop |
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| insertions and deletions are also known as |
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| this results in gametes with extra or missing chromosomes: sister chromatids fail to separate |
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| they provide positional information in the embryo |
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| Hox genes are thought to play an important role in the development of different morphologies because |
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| genes that encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for the organism's development |
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| physical isolation creates a barrier to gene flow |
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| a continuous habitat is separated and the populations isolated |
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| speciation in absence of physical separation |
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| a large-scale but short-term reduction of population size followed by an increase in population size |
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| founder effect is associated with |
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| first species to craft stone tools |
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| first species to have some members migrate out of Africa |
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| As hominins diverged from other primates, what appeared first |
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| Sexual dimorphism is most often a result of |
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| which Homo did bipedalism arise in? |
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| name of homo who first used tools |
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| changes in the angle of the Earth's axis relative to the sun during its orbit |
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| the Earth's seasons are caused by |
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| in the U.S., you would predict that deserts occur on the what side of mountain ranges? |
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| the breakdown of organic matter into an inorganic form during decomposition |
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