Term
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Definition
| A group of 200+ diseases characterized by unregulated growth of cells. |
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Term
| What is the second leading cause death? |
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Definition
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Term
| One in every ?? deaths is caused by cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| 77% of people who are diagnosed with cancer are what age group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of all Americans will experience cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ethnic group has the highest rate of cancer? |
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Definition
| African Americans--Related to environmental and social factors and not biological. |
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Term
| What contributes to the increase rate of cancer? |
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Definition
| An increased exposure to carcinogens, like in liver, leukemia, and skin cancer. An increase in stress will decrease healthy behaviors. |
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Term
| What has been a contributing factor in the decreasing death rate in common cancers? |
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Definition
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Term
| A decrease in prostate cancer is contributed to ... |
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Definition
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Term
| A decrease in breast cancer is contributed to... |
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Definition
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Term
| A decrease in colorectal cancer is contributed to... |
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Definition
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Term
| A decrease in oral cancer is contributed to ... |
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Definition
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Term
| How is cancer viewed by most people? |
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Definition
| Death, pain, disfigurement, and dependency. |
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Term
| What are the Two major dysfunctions present in Cancer Biology? |
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Definition
Defective cellular proliferation( growth)
Defective cellular differentiation |
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Term
| Cellular growth (from time of growth to cellular death) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Undifferentiated cell, meaning it has not decided what it's functioning purpose will be yet. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal cells respect the boundaries and territories of cells around them. Cell growth is inhibited by the physical contact of the surrounding cell membranes. |
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Term
| Cancer cells in regard to contact inhibition... |
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Definition
| They have no regard for personal space or for the territory of other cells. They will grow on top of one another and also on top of or between normal cells. They continue to grow without any inhibition. |
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Term
| What is the proliferation rate of cancer cells? |
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Definition
| Same rate as normal cells, just unwanted. |
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Term
| What is the Mitosis of normal cells? |
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Definition
| Cells will divide into two cells |
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Term
| What is the Mitosis of Cancer cells? |
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Definition
| Maybe be more than two, 1x2x4x8x16 (termed Pyramid effect) |
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Term
proto-oncogenes
(good)-(bad) |
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Definition
| normal genes that regulate/promote normal cellular processes. |
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Term
| How do normal cells mature? |
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Definition
| They go from immaturity to maturity. They cell differentiate, able to perform only the functions of that tissue. Cells maintain the mature state until their end of life cycle. |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor inducing genes. Mitosis, but inhibit differentiation of cells DNA and RNA viruses turn infected cells into malignant cells |
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Term
| What are the virus that have been linked to the development of cancer? |
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Definition
| Ebstein-Barr Virus (EBV), AIDS and HIV, hep B, HPV. |
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Term
| Ebstein-Barr Virus is linked to the development of what kind of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| AIDS and HIV is linked to the development of what kind of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hep B is linked to the development of what kind of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| HPV (human Papillomavirus) is linked to the development of what kind of cancer? |
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Definition
| believed to induce lesions that progress to squamous cell carcinomas, such and cervical, anal, and head and neck cancers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A process only done in cancer causing cells where they return back to the "appearance" and function of a stem cell. |
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Term
| What are the three stages in the pathogenesis (development) of cancer? |
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Definition
| Initiation, promotion, and progression |
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Term
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Definition
| An irreversible alteration in the genetic structure of the cell, occurs from exposure to a chemical, physical, or biologic agent. |
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Term
| Will one initiation cause cancer? |
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Definition
| No...not enough, at least one more mutation must occur. Initiated cells may die, be detoxified by enzymes then excreted or proceed to the next stage. |
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Term
| What role does carcinogens have in the cells? |
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Definition
| Have the ability to interact with DNA, May only act as promoters of tumor growth. Most are detoxified by enzymes. If it gets into the nucleus of cell, it ay irreversibly change DNA. |
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Term
| What are some ways that carcinogens get into the body? |
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Definition
| Cigarette smoke through the lungs, upper respiratory tract, bladder, cervix. |
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Term
| Asbestos can cause what type of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cadminim can cause what type of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Benzene can cause what type of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nitrites can cause what type of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes the initiation of Physical Carcinogens? |
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Definition
| Ionizing radiation, Ultraviolet radiation (UV), and Foreign bodies |
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Term
| What types of cancer is caused from radiation? |
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Definition
| leukemia, lymphoma, thyroid (especially in populations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki p atomic bombs), bone cancer |
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Term
| What types of cancer is caused from UV radiation? |
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Definition
| squamous or basal cell carcinoma of the skin |
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Term
| What types of foreign bodies can cause cancer? |
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Definition
| asbestos fibers, cellophane, and implants. |
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Term
| What is the initiation of Genetic Carcinogens? |
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Definition
| Heredity and predisposition. Cancer families: result of chromosomal abnormalities (ie: BRCA gene) |
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Term
| What types of cancers can be the result of a genetic chromosomal abnormality? |
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Definition
| colon, breast uterine (especially if the person develops at an early age). |
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Term
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Definition
| The reversible proliferation of an altered initiated cell. Increase in initiated cell population, risk of second mutation is also increased. |
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Term
| What cancer activity is reversible? |
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Definition
| Promoter activity...the key to prevention. |
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Term
| What are the promoting factors in the pathogenesis of cancer? |
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Definition
| dietary fat, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption. |
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Term
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Definition
| Characterized by the increase growth rate of tumor, increase invasiveness metastasis. |
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Term
| Where does Metastasis begin? |
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Definition
| Can begin in early development of some cancers or late in others, some rarely metastasize, some cancers have an affinity for particular sites |
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Term
| What are the most frequent sites for metastasis? |
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Definition
| Lung, brain, bone, liver and adrenal glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formations of vasculature within the tumor. |
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Term
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Definition
| spread of the cancer to a distant site. A multi-step process beginning with the rapid growth of the primary tumor. Then the cancer develops it's own vascular system, cells detach from tumor and invade surrounding tissue, then enter through the lymph and hematogenous routes to other sites in the body. |
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Term
| From the initial alteration of cancer to the clinical evidence can take how long? |
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Definition
| 1 - 40 years (latent period) |
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Term
| What is associated with the length of the latent period? |
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Definition
| The productive rate of tissue where the mutation has occurred. |
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Term
| Cells must reach what to be clinically evident? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes a cancer mass palpable? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the smallest detectable cancer by diagnostic imaging (MRI)? |
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Definition
| 0.5 cm tumor, which is the smallest |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumor cell bypasses the first lymph node and travels to a more distant node |
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Term
| Tumor-associated antigens (TAA's) |
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Definition
| Cell surface antigens that appear as a result of malignant transformation |
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Term
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Definition
| Response of the immune system to TAA's (Tumor-associated antigens). |
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Term
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Definition
| tumor development in spite of the intact immune system weak surface antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of a malignant cell to change it's antigenic markers |
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Term
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Definition
| A process by which factors block TAA's, so that T-lymphocytes cannot see the cancer cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found on surface and inside tumor cells and fetal cells. Shift cancer cells to an immature metabolic pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
Tumor size, weight, tissue of origin, behavior of tumor (benign/ malignant
). |
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Term
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Definition
| Grading of tumors based on appearance and degree of differentiation of the cells (Grade I - IV) |
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Term
| Extent of disease classification |
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Definition
| concerns of staging of the disease using two major systems: Clinical Staging and TNM Classification System. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| TNM classification system |
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Definition
| T=tumor, N=Lymph node involvement, M=distant metastasis |
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Term
| Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) |
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Definition
| An Oncofetal antigen found on the surface of cancer cells derived from the GI tract and from normal cells from the fetal gut, liver, and pancreas. Normally it disappears during the last 3 months of fetal life. Was originally isolated from the colorectal cancer cells. Elevated CEA levels have been found in nonmalignant conditions (cirrhosis of the liver, ulcerative colitis, heavy smoking). Can be used as tumor markers |
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Term
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Definition
| An Oncofetal antigen produced by malignant liver cells and fetal liver cells. These levels have been found to be elevated in some cases of testicular carcinoma, viral hepatitis, and nonmalignant liver disorders. This value is a tumor detection (marker) and determination of tumor progression. Found in Testicular cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| An Oncofetal antigen found in ovarian carcinoma and used as a marker. |
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Term
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Definition
| An Oncofetal antigen found in Prostate cancer and used as a marker. |
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Term
| What role does nursing play in prevention and detection of cancer? |
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Definition
-screening and observing patients for risk factors and risky behaviors
-Health education whenever possible |
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Term
| What does the "A" stand for in the seven CAUTION signs of cancer? |
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Definition
| A sore that does not heal |
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Term
| What does the "C" stand for in the seven CAUTION signs of cancer? |
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Definition
| Change on bowel or bladder habits |
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Term
| What does the "U" stand for in the seven CAUTION signs of cancer? |
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Definition
| Unusual painless bleeding or discharge from any body orifice. |
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Term
| What does the "T" stand for in the seven CAUITION sigs of cancer? |
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Definition
| Thickening or a lump in the breast or elsewhere |
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Term
| What does the "I" stand for in the seven CAUTION signs of cancer? |
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Definition
| Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing |
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Term
| What does the "O" stand for in the seven CAUTION signs of cancer? |
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Definition
| Obvious change in a wart or mole. Normal should be no bigger than a pencil eraser, rounded with a distinct boarder, and an even regular color. |
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Term
| What does the "N" stand for in the seven CAUTION signs of cancer? |
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Definition
| Nagging cough or hoarseness |
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Term
| Diagnostic studies are ordered based on what? |
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Definition
| The type of cancer that is suspected. |
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Term
| What are cytology studies? |
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Definition
| Diagnostic studies for cancer detection: PAP and bronchial washings. |
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Term
| What are the various diagnostic studies for detecting cancer? |
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Definition
| Cytology studies, Chest X-ray, Complete Blood Count (CBC), rectal exam, liver function, radiographic studies, radioisotope scan, CT, MRI, Tumor Markers, bone marrow, and biopsies. |
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Term
| What is an example of radiographic studies for cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the types of cancer that radioisotope scan's are used to detect? |
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Definition
| Liver, brain, bone, and lung |
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Term
| What are cancer tumor markers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three treatment goals for cancer? |
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Definition
| cure, control, and palliation |
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Term
| What are the four treatment modalities for cancer? |
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Definition
| surgery radiation, chemotherapy (alone or in any combination), biologic therapy (alone or in any combination with any of the others), and targeted therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
| treatment choices with research attached to determine effectiveness, side effects, toxicities. |
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Term
| Hematopoietic stem cell transplant |
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Definition
| bone marrow or peripheral |
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Term
| What are some OHTER treatments for cancer? |
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Definition
| Gene therapy, Psychologic care, nutrition, alternative therapies. |
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Term
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Definition
| consist of agents that modify the relationship between the host and the tumor by altering the biologic response of the hose to the tumor cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| interferes with cancer growth by acting on specific cell receptors and pathways that are important in tumor growth. They kill cancer cells without affecting normal healthy cells. |
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Term
| What is the problem with biologic therapy? |
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Definition
| Usually induces the endogenous release of other biologic agents which results in a systemic immune and anti-inflammatory response. Person might have flu like symptoms, tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension and capillary leak syndrome. |
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Term
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Definition
| An experimental therapy that involves introducing genetic material into a person's cells to fight disease. |
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Term
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Definition
Oldest form of cancer treatment, not usually adequate on its own as some cancer is systemic disease, not local.
Generally used in combination with radiation or chemotherapy.
Can be very radical and disfiguring. |
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Term
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Definition
Is occasionally performed as a systemic treatment (BMT prep for leukemia.
breaks the chemical bonds of DNA, cell cannot divide, cell death occurs eventually. Can be applied externally or internally. |
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Term
| What is the negative effect of Radiation? |
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Definition
| Can kill healthy/normal cells, leading to scarring, radiation burns, hypersensitivity of skin in area of treatment of sun, soap, lotions, ect. |
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Term
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Definition
| type of radiation treatment of field using a CAT scan machine in which the radiation treatment fields are defined filmed, and marked out on the skin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Radiation therapy done with a specialized linear accelerator built into a round gantry (similar to a CT scanner). The gantry rotates spirally around the patiend advancing through the doughnut, and treatment is delivered in a slice by slice fashion. |
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Term
| Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) |
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Definition
| Radiation therapy that delivers treatment in 3 - 5 min that would have previously taken 20 - 30 minutes |
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Term
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Definition
| External beam radiation, is the most common form of radiation treatment delivery. |
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Term
| Gamma knife 201 beams of radiation |
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Definition
| used to pulverize a tumor or aneurysm |
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Term
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Definition
| systemic treatment of cancer with chemicals. Affects are at a cellular level. |
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Term
| What are the two major categories of chemo agents? |
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Definition
cell cycle-nonspecific
Cell cycle phase-specific drugs
(both types of drugs are given in combination). |
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Term
| What are the classification of chemo agents? |
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Definition
| alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antitumor antibiotics, plant alkaloids, nitrosurease, corticosteroids, hormones, misc... |
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Term
| What are the chemo routes of administration? |
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Definition
| Oral, IV, SQ, IM, topical, intracavitary, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraarterial, perfusion |
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Term
| What are the vesicant effects of chemotherapies? |
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Definition
| tissue necrosis or irritation |
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Term
| What is the recovery period after chemotherapy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What can happen in a patient receiveing chemotherapy if they are not prescreened |
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Definition
| death from the side effects |
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Term
| What are the chemo prescreening test? |
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Definition
| MUGA, pulmonary function test, renal test, liver test, performance status |
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Term
| What is the nursing care for a patient who has bone marro suppression? |
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Definition
| Monitor CBC for suppression, decreased WBC= increased infection, decreased Hgb = increase fatigue, decrease O2, decreased Platelets= increase risk of bleeding. |
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Term
| What are the side effects of chemo and radiation? |
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Definition
| Fatigue, Mucositis stomatitis. |
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Term
| What is the nursing care for a chemo/radation patient who has fatigue? |
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Definition
| 100% rest, plan activities, monitor nutrition |
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Term
|
Definition
| Inflammation and ulceration occur due to rapid cell destruction caused by chemotherapy and radiation. |
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Term
| What drugs are used to treat Mucositis (side effect of chemo/radiation)? |
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Definition
| antiemetics, serotonin recetor antagonist (Zofran) (antiinflamatory) decadron, neurokinin receptor agonist (Emend) diarrhea |
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Term
| What diatery advise to give a patient with Mucositis stomatitis? |
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Definition
| No spicy food, avoid roughage food, decrease odors, watch how food looks, and eat small frequent meals |
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Term
| What type of cancer therapy focuses on localized treatment using a seed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the specialized considerations for a patient receiving brachytherapy? |
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Definition
| Private room, led lined containers, double flush, everything (equipment, trash and linins) stay in the room. |
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Term
| What are the three nursing considerations for a patient receiving brachytherapy? |
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Definition
Spend little time as possible in the room
Wear protection
Keep distance |
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Term
| What advise is given a patient upon discharge who has received brachytherapy? |
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Definition
| Don't hold small children |
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Term
| When cancer cells metastasize, where do they tend to go? |
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Definition
| They follow the flow of blood and lymph |
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Term
| How is treatment chose for cancer patients? |
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Definition
| A number of test are ran to determine the best plan. The patient then chooses from those plans. |
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Term
| when cells mutate, sometimes the antigenic marker count goes down, why? |
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Definition
| The cells go back (de-degeneration) to a fetal stage making the marker unrecognizable but the cancer has in fact continued to gro. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Unrecognizably differentiated. |
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Term
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Definition
| When surgery is performed on a cancer mass to remove it or most of it. Not for the purpose of a cure but for a palliative procedure in order to relieve pressure on other organs due to cancer size or location. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Immunoglobin Spinal Injection |
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Term
| What is given to a patient prior to receiving Chemotherapy to prevent nausea and vomiting? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Immunoglobin Spinal Injection |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| competes with, disrupts the enzyme function and synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Modifies or inhibits DNA from duplicating |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interrupts cell replication |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Makes cells differentiate and mature |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Venous Access Devise (VAD) |
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Definition
| Tubing inserted into a large vein, to prevent tissue necrosis and sloughing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Given for breast cancer. Can cause sever tissue damage and leaky veins, resulting in heart failure and even death. |
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Term
| Taste alterations after chemotherapy last how long? |
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Definition
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