Term
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Definition
| the systematic study of social behaviour or the study of society |
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Definition
| the largest-scale human group, whose members interact with one another, share a common geographic territory, and share common institutions |
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Definition
| a social structure made up of relationships that allow people to achieve their united goals |
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| any enduring, predictable patter of social relations among people in society |
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| Macro-analytical Approach: |
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Definition
| the study of social institutions, or large groups |
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Definition
(Emile Durkheim)
views society as a set of interconnected parts that work together to preserve the overall stability and efficiency of the whole. Social problems are caused my the failure of institutions to perform their role during times of rapid change. |
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Definition
(Karl Marx)
studies the unequal distribution of power between groups in society. |
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| Micro-analytical Approach: |
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Definition
| the study of the processes and patterns of personal interaction that take place among people within groups |
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Definition
(Max Weber)
interested in the processes of interaction by which people make and use symbols to construct society |
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Definition
| focuses on gender and gendering, specifically how gender-based inequality makes women’s lives different from mens |
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Definition
| interested in ‘unmasking’ ideologies that protect the dominant social order |
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Term
Emile Durkheim:
(Introduction) |
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Definition
- social institutions perform both manifest and latent functions ex. schools as education and babysitting services
- determined three types of suicide;
Egoistic Suicide: people fall out of the social groups they belong to
Altruistic Suicide: motivated by a sense of societal duty (ex. suicide bombers)
Anomic Suicide: resulting from anomie (ex. Haiti or New Orleans) |
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Term
| Erving Goffman: (introduction) |
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Definition
- Believed social life is a similar to a play - with scripted, directed performances
- Studied “Stigma” and how it effects one’s ‘sense of self’
people try to present themselves as normal (and not be stigmatized) through passing and covering |
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Term
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Definition
| the shift in thought between the modern and post-modern eras, on the social role of technology |
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Definition
| the idea that humans are separate from the rest of nature |
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Definition
| putting humankind at the centre of the universe through religion or science. Humans are unique and are exempt from ecological constraints |
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Definition
| modern capitalism treats nature as a source of raw resources, and a dumping ground for unwanted waste |
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Term
| Ecological Modernization: |
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Definition
| positive environmental outcomes can be compatible with economic growth, and technology has the potential to mitigate environmental ils |
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Term
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Definition
Proposed that the world will become overpopulated (population will grow faster than food supply)
- the only way to stop this is through positive and preventative checks |
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Term
| “The Limits to Growth” Case Study |
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Definition
- examined the consequences of human population growth on the environment
- came to two conclusions
1. Humanity will reach the ‘limit to growth’ in 100 years
2. It is still possible to change current growth patterns |
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Term
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Definition
Environmental decline is inevitable now - we did not make the preventative steps needed
the challenge will not be containing the limiting damage to the earth and humanity |
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Term
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Definition
| culturally constructed, socially enforced practices that we are all expected to follow when we interact in social situations |
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Term
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Definition
| those social arrangements that arise out of interaction below people’s consciousness that help them to achieve their individual and collective goals (eg. fashion, updating FB status) |
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Definition
| expected behaviour of an individual in a social position, and the duties associated with that person. They provide us with guidelines for what to do and say, and are the source of our identity |
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Definition
| all the ways in which we view and describe ourselves and in which others perceive us |
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Definition
| groups characterized by friendship, similarity, interaction, and the flow of information, support, and opinions. Cliques are supportive of insiders, but can be cruel to outsiders. |
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Definition
| explains emotions with reference to relationships between social contexts and interactions, power and difference, private and public realms, and the body and society. |
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Term
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Definition
| the management of particular forms of emotional expression in order to satisfy the feelings rules of a particular role, job, or relationship |
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Term
| Michael Foucault (Social Structures) |
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Definition
studied how experts and people in power introduce notions of ‘normality’
power is exercised, often without our awareness, by obliging us to conform to notions of ‘normality’ |
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Term
| “Outsiders” - Howard Becker |
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Definition
sets the ground work for ‘labeling theory’
social groups create deviance by making rules - when these rules are broken it is considered deviance, and the person who broke it is labeled as an outsider
once labelled deviant people |
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Term
| “The Managed Heart: The Commercialization of Human Feeling” - Arlie Russel Hochschild |
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Definition
a study of the exploitation of emotional labour in the work place
especially in the service industry (waitresses, flight attendants) |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that social life is similar to a theatrical production. Everyone plays a specific role that contributes to the overall success of the production |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which people see (and value) themselves as others see them |
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Term
| Interactionist Perspective: |
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Definition
| identities are socially determined, based on the social roles that we play. They are not inborn |
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Term
| Teams, Bands, and Gangs (TBGs): |
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Definition
| are useful in illustrating social organization. People join TBGs because they want to be members, and want to be identified with the TBG |
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Term
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Definition
| the human created environment and every aspect that makes up the social environment of the human life |
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Term
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Definition
| the aspect of culture that lives on in people’s minds. It is the set of values people claim to believe in |
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Term
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Definition
| the ways people dress, talk, act, relate, and think in everyday life. It is distinct from their idealized or proclaimed culture |
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Term
| Popular (or mass) Culture: |
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Definition
| the culture of ordinary people. It includes those objects, preferences, and tastes that are widespread in a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| a subculture that rejects conventional norms and values, and adopts alternative ones |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that shares the cultural elements of the largest society, but which also have their own distinctive elements |
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Term
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Definition
| socially shared conceptions of what a group in society considers good, right, and desirable |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex and contested explanation of social power in the face of cultural developments (such as mass media, new communication technologies, etc.) |
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Definition
attempted to see how far culture could stretch by identifying cultural universals;
athletic sports, bodily adornment, cooking, dancing, funeral ceremonies, gift giving, and language
However the only true universal is culture itself |
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Term
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Definition
Studied North American cultures and how they differed from one another
Canadian culture is elitist, tradition, and collectivistic
however, North Americans are nearly indistinguishable from one another |
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Term
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Definition
studied the idea of ‘masquerade’ and the way in which culture shapes peoples views
ex. when viewing a film when a woman is naked, we can understand that it is manufactured to satisfy a male audience |
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Term
| The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism - Max Weber |
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Definition
Concerned with the way religion can material processes
protestantism encouraged people to develop their enterprises and engage in trade |
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Term
| Theory of the Leisure Class - Thorstein Velben |
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Definition
Critiques the upper class and their conspicuous consumption
their wastefulness reaffirms their status and power |
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Term
| Hip-Hop and Culture Studies |
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Definition
hip hop illustrates the problems of producing cultures from the margins
it was meant to alienate and criticize a dominant white culture
it often evokes a frustrated and militant response |
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Term
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Definition
| any social unit, or set of social relations, that does what families are popularly imagined to do, by whatever means it does so. |
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Term
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Definition
| those empowered by law to care for their members |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that usually consists of a father, mother, and their children living in the same dwelling |
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Term
| Commodification of Family: |
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Definition
| how families have come to rely of paid non-family workers for support, creating new complex relationships |
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Term
| Rationalization of Family: |
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Definition
| there has been a ‘disenchantment’ of our thinking about marriage and parenthood. People see these roles as dissoluble and as serving certain needs. |
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Term
| Instrumental Parentification: |
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Definition
| involves the child completing physical tasks for the family such as looking after a sick relative, paying bills, or providing assistance that would normally be provided by a parent |
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Term
| Emotional Parentification: |
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Definition
| occurs when a child or adolescent must take on the role of a confidant or mediator for (or between) parents and/or family members |
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Term
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Definition
| the lifelong social learning a person undergoes to become a capable member of society, through social interaction with others, and in response to social pressures |
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Term
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Definition
| parents (intentionally or unintentionally) treat and reinforce gender roles |
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Term
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Definition
| by discussing risks and experiences of discrimination, they solidify a sense of separateness and difference |
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Term
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Definition
| mothers will full-time jobs outside the home |
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Term
| Fictive Kin Relationships: |
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Definition
| people chosen to be family members that are not legally or biologically related |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes that for bodies to cohere and make sense there must be a stable sex expressed through a stable gender. |
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Term
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Definition
| the contemporary period of modernization that has enhanced the nature of social life through the increase of communication technology and easier access to knowledge. We no longer passively accept our destiny based on the traditional patterns into which we are born. |
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Term
| Work, Revolution, and Family Patterns - William Goode |
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Definition
family structures are moving towards a nuclear family model
roles have also changed, giving members more freedom
this is because of an increased delay in marriage, and an increase incidence of divorce |
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Term
| Children of the Great Depression - Glen Elder |
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Definition
created the life course approach
studied children who lived in California during the Great Depression
he concluded that deprived boys and girls experienced a shortened childhood and earlier entry into adulthood
however boys benefited from this assumption of adult responsibilities |
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Term
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Definition
| the new definition of family based on changing roles. It provides a more liberal definition of family than previously used. |
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Term
| The Authoritarian Personality - Theodor Adorno |
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Definition
there is a correlation between overt-racism and several deep-rooted personality traits that result from faulty socialization
faulty socialization provided by authoritarian personalities |
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Term
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Definition
| any system or rule or advancement where the rewards are strictly prohibited to the accomplishment and all people have the same opportunity to win these awards |
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Term
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Definition
| students are divided according to their different ability to handle new material |
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Term
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Definition
| : different choices exist in each subject, and students are assigned to a class based on ability in that subject |
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Term
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Definition
| students move as a block from one class to another, all at the same level |
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Term
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Definition
| students benefit when integration into their ethnic group supports and enforces high educational aspirations |
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Term
| The Academic Revolution - Jenks and Risman |
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Definition
examines the changing role of higher education
universities have been aiming to improve themselves through increasing research funding |
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Term
| Crestwood Heights - John R. Seely |
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Definition
studied the connection between family life, school, experience, and mental health
parents who aim for ‘trophy children’ put more pressure on their kids to be perfect |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of natural objects and animals to symbolize spirituality. Totems have no meanings in and of themselves, but are merely an object that will be the focus of collective celebration (Emile Durkheim) |
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Term
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Definition
includes four dimensions to measure how religious someone is
Affiliation 2. Attendance 3. Personal Practices 4. Stated Importance
it corrects limitations of just using church attendance |
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Term
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Definition
| an organized, secular practice that serves many of the same social functions as traditional religion, by giving people direction, explaining how the world works, and providing solidarity (ex. Super Bowl) |
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Term
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Definition
| an investment of religious energy (or a commitment to) beliefs and ritualistic activities that are not usually considered religious |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that religious adherents should strictly follow those theological doctrines that are claimed to be the oldest, most tradition, and most basic |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that God had a hand in all social affairs, and therefore the churches had a role to play in moral reform and social justice |
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Term
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Definition
| groups of people who share similar religious/spirituals views of the world but are not part of a mainstream religious institution |
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Term
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Definition
| those who draw on teachings from multiple religious to fulfill their needs for spirituality |
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Term
| Religious Differentiation: |
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Definition
| religion’s role in society has been reduced over the years |
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Term
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Definition
| religion has always been commodified especially through icons |
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Term
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Definition
| sociologists ask if religion has become more or less importantly lately |
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Term
| Quebec’s Quiet Revolution: |
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Definition
| removed the church from education by providing an alternate secular system funded by provincial money |
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Term
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Definition
| any popular controversy or dispute that provokes feelings and fears so intense that they threaten the social order. Typically started by moral entrepreneurs |
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Term
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Definition
| the goal of most non-violent crime is to get money or property, not to inflict harm. Usually people resort to violence only if its needed to bring about those material goals |
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Term
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Definition
| people who suffer because the government has failed to regulate dangerous activities |
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Term
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Definition
When rapid change makes norms and values weak or unclear, the result is anomie
a state of alienated normlessness
when they suffer anomie, people are not tied to the social order and feel released from the normal controls of their behaviour |
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Term
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Definition
We do not punish people to force them to be good
- we force them only to obey the rules of justice, because society could not survive otherwise |
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Term
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Definition
by their nature, prisons degrade people, pressure them, and take away their rights
one result of this harsh control is that prisoners learn the prison subculture and end up with identities and skills that are more deviant than what they brought into the prison |
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Term
| Differentiation of Deviance: |
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Definition
| there is conflict about more rules and their application to criminal laws and punishments |
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Term
| Commodification of Deviance |
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Definition
| : focuses on the gap between cultural goals and legitimate social opportunities to achieve these goals |
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Term
| Rationalization of Deviance: |
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Definition
| capital punishment and corporal punishment have lost ground to new strategies that stress surveillance, restitution, and hard reduction |
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Term
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Definition
| given the universal, culturally learned desire for material success, those who are denied socially acceptable opportunities will likely break the rules in their efforts to meet this goal |
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Term
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Definition
| states that crime depends mainly on opportunities, and opportunities are created by activity patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| locations where the risks of crime are especially high |
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Term
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Definition
| people who are or appear to be powerless are at higher-than-average risk of crime and violence |
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Term
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Definition
| builds on the idea that victimization depends on a person’s lifestyle |
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Term
| Victim Precipitation Theory: |
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Definition
| proposes that people create their own risks of being victimized, through verbal provocation and body language |
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Term
| “Crimes without Victims” - Edwin Schur |
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Definition
argued for the decriminalization of ‘victimless crimes’
consensual acts by adults that break the rules prescribed in law (eg. marjuana)
attempting to inhibit such behaviour through criminal law seems particularly likely to create secondary deviance and to set the stage for police corruption and demoralization |
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Term
| “Causes of Delinquency” by Hirschi |
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Definition
Gathered information on juvenile delinquents
Concluded that children’s relationships with their parents were the most important factor in determining their involvement in delinquent activities |
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Term
| “Mean Streets” by John Hagen and Bill McCarthy |
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Definition
The primary goal of Hagen and McCathy’s Canadian study was to examine how and why youth leave home for life on the street
the study first identifies the risks facing youth who come to live on the street, then how they adapt
They conclude that their actions are perfectly understandable and justifiable reactions to the circumstances they are put under at such a young age |
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Term
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Definition
| the technology that makes mass communication possible. It includes the printing press, radio, television, photocopier, and camera (among others) |
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Term
| Postmodern Approach to Media: |
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Definition
| ‘truth’, as portrayed by the media, is nothing more than a politically or economically motivated social construction |
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Term
| Political Economy Approach to Media: |
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Definition
| a viewpoint that focuses on the ways private ownership what is communicated, and the ways it affects the exercise of power |
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Term
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Definition
| mass media - and TV in particular - have become the main source of information in society today |
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Term
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Definition
| a heightened state of insecurity, exaggerated perception of risk and danger, and a fearful propensity for hard-line political solutions to social problems |
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Term
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Definition
| the transmission of a message from a single source to multiple recipients at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
| the development of non-traditional, mainly Western, knowledge, attitudes, and practices in less developed countries on a wide variety of topics (communicated through media) |
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Term
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Definition
| media messages that are targeted to specific demographic groups. it has come to replace mass marketing. |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses in the ideological aspects of the media and it’s role in supporting and manipulating power. |
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Term
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Definition
| aimed to control the cross-ownership of media in Canada. They felt it would compromise journalism’s social responsibility to the reading public |
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Term
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Definition
studied the idea of ‘hyperreality’ and how it effects the media
he questioned the perception of ‘reality’ that comes through our senses
every one of our ideas, methods, and taken-for-granted assumptions must be questioned |
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Term
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Definition
Studied the link between media violence and violence behaviour
it concluded that there are too many influencing factors to determine if violent behaviour comes directly from media |
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Term
| Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis: |
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Definition
| frustration will lead to aggression only if the frustrated individual has been socialized to be aggressive in that kind of situation |
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Term
| Deciding What’s News” - Herbert Gans |
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Definition
In domains of life where most of us have no first-hand experience - the media control the way we see the world
Gans looked into the process of who and what decides what is news - and discovered 3 things;
1. there is an inclination to show stories that appeal to mass audiences (sex, scandal)
2. the national news is shaped by the interest of people in high positions
3. much of the news is inaccurate or distorted |
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Term
| “Manufacturing Consent” - Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky |
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Definition
Mass media produce propaganda supporting the capitalist economy
Media companies are private companies run for profit
they are controlled by the advertisers who use media to reflect their own prejudices |
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Term
| “Material Girls” - Suzanna Walters |
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Definition
examined female icons in media such as Madonna and Thelma and Louise
these icons give us an insight into how the media depicts women |
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Term
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Definition
| women in the domestic sphere who are skillful and dedicated but emotionally dependent and vulnerable, needing a man to ‘bring home the bacon’ |
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Term
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Definition
| women in non-domestic, sexualized settings - as temptresses and hunted sexual objects, or trophy matters with chiefly decorative value |
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Term
| “Society on Steroids” - Bill Moyers |
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Definition
argues that baseball has transformed from a national pastime to a commodity governed by economic and broadcast requirements
steroid use is tolerated (although frowned upon) because the game is a spectacle rather than a sport |
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Term
“Hamlet on the Holodeck” - Janet Murray
Digital environments are… |
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Definition
Identifies the four qualities specific to our experience of digitally meditated content
Responsive to our input
Immersive
Navigational
Encyclopedic |
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Term
| Commodification of Journalism: |
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Definition
| much journalism is biased in favour of one political party or ideology over another. It also tends to be superficial as it over-simplifies complicated matters to make them “catchy” to the reader |
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Term
| Commodification of Media: |
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Definition
| media messages encourage us to be consumers in ever aspect of our lives. This is challenged by new media such as “downloading” music |
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Term
| What Happened to the Old Media? - Convergence |
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Definition
| it was easier to combine content providing and content producing industries, forming large multinational information and communication entities |
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Term
| What Happened to the Old Media? - Fragmentation of Audiences |
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Definition
| - networks use new media forms to create interest in their content - combining cellphone use, online discussion groups, etc. |
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Term
| What Happened to the Old Media? Technological Adaptation - |
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Definition
| the internet has lowered the cost of entry into the media market, and anyone can not create media content (eg.Youtube) |
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Term
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Definition
| the development and use of a set of skills that enable individuals to critically interpret and evaluate the meanings of messages they encounter in the media |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief system that powerfully motivates people to challenge the social order, or (more often) to go along with the existing one |
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Term
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Definition
| call for minor changes to the degree of inequality, without challenging the basic ground rules |
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Term
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Definition
| call for a reshaping of society by challenging its very foundations |
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Term
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Definition
| an ideology that supports alternative social value and challenges the dominant ideology |
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Term
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Definition
| : an ideology that supports the status quo & the interests of the ruling class |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which individuals and groups act to promote their interests |
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Term
| Differentiation of Politics: |
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Definition
| new kinds of advisory and consulting roles influence the political process, and new political protest groups challenge the government and political parties |
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Term
| Commodification of Politics |
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Definition
| : candidates are “marketed” as the goal of modern politics is to get elected and re-elected, not necessarily to improve society |
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Term
| Rationalization of Politics |
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Definition
| : voters are urged to put their faith in untested ideas based on the charisma of a candidate. They put faith into the candidate, who may just be “claims-making” |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of institutions with authority to make the tules that govern a society |
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Term
| Resource Mobilization theory: |
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Definition
| there will always be frustrated people in society, because social good are always unequally distributed. |
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Term
| “The Social System” - Talcott Parsons |
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Definition
focused on politics as a key process in all social systems
all social systems (including families, teams, communities, etc) have a political process which Parsons labels the “goal attainment function” |
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Term
| “The First New Nation” - S.M Lipset |
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Definition
Studied what makes Canadian society different from other societies
Canada is caught somewhere between the US and the UK
We are more egalitarian than Britain, but less so than the US and Australia
The US was born in blood, Canada was born in peace - this is what makes us different |
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Term
| “The Human Group” - George Homans |
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Definition
Develops the social exchange theory
small groups mainly rule themselves through processes of informal control |
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Term
| “Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy” - Barrington Moore |
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Definition
analyzes class relations and their effects on politics
it matters where the dominant class is in society
middle class leads to democracy
peasant class leads to communism
traditional ruling class leads to fascism |
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Term
| “Discipline and Punish” - Michael Foucault |
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Definition
States have increased surveillance and control over their citizenry
punishment has become a way to deter crime - no longer a public spectacle |
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Term
| Antonio Gramsci (Deviance) |
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Definition
Capitalism maintains control not through violence, threat, and coercion, but through the manipulation of ideas and ideologies
as per this ideology most people in our society believe they are mainly responsible for their own success or failure |
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Term
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Definition
an independent thinker unable to fully embrace any political theory
criticizes Western societies for their miss use of power, including their use of rationalist power to increase domination through bureaucracy and other means
Proposed a deliberative democracy in which citizens debate government policy and law
rationalism would prevail as people would be guided by a sense of the important of the task, and a desire to participate in governance |
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Term
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Definition
| organizers of social movements may manipulate or appeal to emotions in order to gain support for their movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| a group formed by voluntary membership |
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Term
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Definition
| an organized group with an agenda or plan for social change, to be achieved through agitation and political pressure |
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Term
| “Six Degrees of Separation” - Stanley Milgram |
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Definition
We live in an interconnected world - how many links does it take to connect two strangers
Chose random individuals in the US and asked them to get a package to someone through first-name basis connection
the average path length was between five and six people |
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Term
| “Improvised News” - Tom Shibutani |
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Definition
Rumours are often the medium by which ordinary people express political views, construct images of reality, and show their social solidarity
they travel through existing networks and provide a basis for sociability among people
the information they convey is sometimes distorted by always carries important social truths |
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Term
| “The Civilizing Process” - Norbert Elias |
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Definition
Polite manners and state governments develop together
The emergence of the bourgeoise, in an attempt to mimic the upper class, established good manners as important middle class virtues |
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Term
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Definition
| social movements form when rapid and widespread change in society weaken the social bonds that hold society together (Emile Durkheim) |
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Term
| Relative Deprivation Theory: |
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Definition
| people form protest movements when they believe that society is falling short of what they expect or aspire to have |
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Term
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Definition
| although individuals may feel frustrated about social issues, their frustration is effective in altering those conditions only when they mobilize as a group |
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Term
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Definition
| protest organization are helpful to society. They spread the influence of their perspective through counter-ideology |
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Term
| Political Conflict Theory: |
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Definition
| social classes promote the interests of their members through social movements, and are most successful when utilizing influential social contacts and available resources |
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Term
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Definition
| people react not to social situations per se, but to their interoperation and evaluation of these situations |
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| “Symbolic Crusade” - Joseph Gusfield |
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Examined the forced behind the rise of Prohibition in the US
the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) promoted this troubled, ineffective, and short-lived legislation
The aim was to affirm sobriety as a key value in American society
- wanted to prove that status, is more important than (economic) class |
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Focused on large-scale social change in Europe & how they were effected by political conflict
social protest is inevitably linked to the politics, society, and economics of the time and place |
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| architect of post-war economic management who asserted that in times of economic downturn, governments should establish social programs to ensure that people would still have enough money and keep economies functioning |
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| increasing taxes in times of economic growth, and deficit spending in times of economic slowdown |
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| a response to the perceived failures of Keynesianism, particularly high levels of public debt, declining economic competitiveness, and a “culture of entitlement”. |
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| Neoliberal Welfare State: |
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Definition
| sought to reduce the role of the state int he private sphere. Competition would keep costs low while encouraging innovation. A revitalized market would generate jobs, resulting in less need for social programs. It would also reduce the costs of governing, creating a more robust national economy, reduced taxes, and an enhanced climate for investment. |
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| a modification of the neoliberal welfare state. The child receives primary emphasis in social investment policies to support the development of future workers and economic innovators. |
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| Emile Durkheim’s idea of society’s shared morality that helps to govern society |
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| Antonio Gramsci’s belief that people on top keep everyone else at a disadvantage through the structure and policy of government |
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| “Discipline and Normalization” - Michael Foucault |
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Definition
There are a variety of different forms of governance, including those are are very subtle
To be governed by discipline, means to be governed thoroughly on an individual level
there are three kinds of this power
1. Hierarchical observation - the idea that someone is always watching
2. Operates through the use of norms
3. The consequences of failing to adhere to expected or prescribed behaviours are also varied and subtle |
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Term
| Muir Edwards et al vs. Canada (A.G) or “Persons Case” |
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Definition
Brought forward in the late 1920s by 5 women
They appealed that women were indeed persons under Canadian law and as such could become senators
- this was a landmark for women’s rights |
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