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Artist: Nkanu peoples
Title: "Initiation wall panels"
Date: Early 20th century
Culture: Nkanu, Congo
Subject: European official in center with Militia soldiers on either side to single them out for their cruelty (trying to tame these evil people)
Theme: Nkanu reactions to the hostile invasions of the Dutch
Patron: Unknown
Medium: Wood and pigment
Original Location: Democratic Republic of Congo
Other: Displayed in an open hut, meant to enhance male fertility and promote procreation, used to tame evil spirits, Belgians in the Congo were incredibly cruel so part of a Nkanu boy's initiation was seeing his ability to control evil spirits |
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Artist: Multiple
Title: "Power Figure (Nkisi Nkonde)"
Date: 19th century
Culture: Kongo culture
Subject: Believed to be a powerful being for ritual and healing
Theme: African belief in ritual, healing, and magic
Patron: Unknown
Medium: Wood, nails, and pins
Original Location: Congo
Other: Goes against our perception of art made by one individual, Magical materials applied by holy Medicine man so that it becomes the powerful being |
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Artist: Picasso
Title: "Woman with a Zither" ("Ma Jolie")
Date: winter 1911-12
Culture:Analytic Cubism
Subject: Woman (most likely his lover Eva whom he called "ma jolie") playing a Zither or words in a popular song
Theme: Attempt to understand/break down tradition of Western realism and perspective
Patron: Unknown
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Paris
Other: Picasso sees things as planes and intersecting cubes, trying to understand/break down tradition of western realism and perspective, abstraction derived from eperiment with realism, exemplifies initial phase of cubism, analyzes objects from different viewpoints to re-create them as planar facets, Also contains words, a treble clef sign, and the 5 lines associated with music, lack of color becasue Picasso was much more concerned with examining the form |
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Artist: Picasso
Title: "Demoiselles d'Avignon"
Date: 1907
Culture: Early Cubism
Subject: Women in brothel of Avignon
Theme: Motif of sexuality both dark and disturbing, drawn in by the prostitutes but pushed back when you realize how disturbing the scene is (could be interpretation that you never knew if these prostitutes had deadly STDs
Patron: Unknown
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Paris, France
Other: 2 of the prositutes wear African masks that project alienated aggression, invoke sense of fear, possibly a Primitivist critique on modernity, the drapes and still life up front show perspectival recession, it's a paradox of formal tensions, there were originally 2 males in the composition as well which gave it more of the traditional memento mori theme (all pleasure is transitory), also used to be a med student but he was removed as well, Figure with elbow up can be seen standing or imagined laying down (2D vs 3D problem, Cezanne's technique) |
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Artist: Cezanne
Title: "Large Bathers"
Date: 1906
Culture: Abstraction/Influence of Cubism (Post-Impressionism)
Subject: Large nudes
Theme: Dreams and ambitions and the failure of that being realized
Patron: Unknown
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Philadelphia
Other: Nudes are all integrated into the landscape, very classical and balanced composition (Renaissance) and triangular formation, classical ideals of nature and beauty, left parts of canvas exposed, very sketchy, bodies of women are strangely composed, mand and dog on opposite shore (possibly a representation of Cezanne looking back on a dream) |
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Artist: Cezanne
Title: "Mont Saint-Victoire seen from Bellevue"
Date: 1882-85
Culture: Post-Impressionism
Subject: Mont Saint-Victoire
Theme: Effect of timeless and unchanging landscape
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Aix-en-Provence
Other: Eyes start at bottom then follow stream to mountain, Spacial tricks: single tree in foreground pulls background forward, branch of tree also acts as spring, forces us to question our ordinary habits of seeing |
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Artist: Cezanne
Title: "Apples and Oranges"
Date: 1895-1900
Culture: Post-Impressionism
Subject: Still life of apples and oranges with a cloth
Theme: Brings life to stagnant objects, stands on its colors alone
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Unmentioned
Other: Looks like apples and oranges are about to fall down, less realistic vase and bowl, way he does texture makes things appear less solid, background doesn't seem like a concrete object such as a chair, flat play with 2D and 3D, seems to capture a moment in time, incredibly dynamic |
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Artist: Paul Gauguin
Title: "Where do we come from? What are we? Where are we going?"
Date: 1897
Culture: Post-Impressionism, Gauguin's Primitivism
Subject: Life and Death
Theme: Depiction of non-Western subject matter and invention of personal symbolism, Desire to get back to a more primitive way of life
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on burlap
Original Location: Tahiti
Other: Woman, child, and dog in right foreground symbolize birth and the innocence of life. Figure near the center trying to pick the fruit from the tree of knowledge to try to understand the meaning of life. Old woman in left foreground is approaching death and has reconciled and resigned to her thoughts. Strange white bird next to old woman represents the futility of life. Two standing clothed figures in right middle ground show the sorrow that life's knowledge can bring. Idol to the left represents the forces that rule our primitive passions. |
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Artist: Paul Gauguin
Title: "Manao Tupaupau (Spirit of the Death Watching)"
Date: 1892
Culture: Post-Impressionism/Gauguin's Primitivism
Subject: Gauguin's discovery of his wife laying on bed like this terrified
Theme: Primitive people's views of death
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on burlap
Original Location: Tahiti
Other: Image of death is like the death happening on the island, She's scared of the of the evil spirits she's saying, her vulnerable position is not usual with fear, symbolic of the island, purity and nature, captures elemental conditions of larger reality, he may actually be the specter that she's afraid of and instead is trying to rationalize her look by thinking the specter is behind her |
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Artist: Paul Gauguin
Title: "Vision after the Sermon"
Date: 1888
Culture: Post-Impressionism, example of early Symbolist works
Subject: Breton women having vision of Jacob wrestling with the Angel
Theme: Struggle and the escape of the restrictive artisitic and social pressures of Paris
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Brittany, Northern France
Other: A tree limb creates a strong diagonal across the composition which separates the left middle ground from the "vision" to the right, Impressionistic, non-proportional figures, realism of formal qualities but content more symbolic, background solid red to symbolize the struggle, similar to Japanese art (solid background, very flat, big heads, non-proportional) symbolism to detach you from the real world to make you go inside the painting, very dreamlike |
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Artist: Hiroshige
Title: "People on a Bridge Surprised by Rain"
Date: 1857
Culture: Japanese
Subject: People on bridge that are surprised when it begins to rain
Theme: Modernity of Edo
Patron: None
Medium: Woodblock print
Original Location: Edo, Japan
Other: meishoe tradition of picturing famous places, part of the 100 Famous Views of Edo, has a graphic quality, simple design, diagonals of rain and horizon, at time Japan had just opened up to modern trade |
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Artist: Morisot
Title: "View of Paris from the Trocadero"
Date: 1872
Culture: Impressionism
Subject: A couple and little girl look at the view of Paris in the distance
Theme: Women's separation from the outside world
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Paris, France
Other: Good example of the limitations female painters could use as their inspiration, on the outside of Paris looking in, in contrast the male point of view was seen as freedom to do whatever he needed or wanted |
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Artist: Mary Cassatt
Title: "Women in Black at the Opera"
Date: 1879
Culture: Impressionism
Subject: Lone woman at the opera independent of a man
Theme: Ideologies of gender roles
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Unmentioned
Other: Woman doing her own looking, sense of tension i her gaze, male looking at her but she doesn't seem to care, disrupts viewers expectations, Cassatt wanted to display heroism of women, viewing woman's world from an unconventional perspective |
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Artist: Auguste Renoir
Title: "The Loge"
Date: 1874
Culture: Impressionism
Subject: Couple at the opera
Theme: Objectification of women
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Unmentioned
Other: Woman takes up most of the canvas, man looking possibly at another woman, sexual tension between viewer and woman as well as between the woman and the man, woman objectified and seems dependent on the man, we are meant to relate to this woman as an object as well |
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Artist: Manet
Title: "A Bar at the Folies-Bergere"
Date: 1882
Culture: Impressionism
Subject: Barmaid
Theme: The idea of women as commodities vs individuals
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: London, England
Other: Presents barmaid/prostitute as a commodity while her facial expression depicts her as someone with emotional and individual value, the reflection of the woman and her customer in the background is changed to emphasize the flatness of the pictorial surface and the unreal aspect of the painting |
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Artist: Monet
Title: "La Grenouillere"
Date: 1869
Culture: Impressionism
Subject: Leisure of the people by the lakeside
Theme: Sensation
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Unmentioned
Other: Very interested in sensation and light effects, not interested in social critique, paintings blind to social and economic conditions of the time, depiction of daily life, trying to capture a moment, diagonal line of background landscape, use of leading lines, impressionism break-away from triangular composition |
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Artist: Manet
Title: "Olympia"
Date: 1865
Culture: Impressionism
Subject: Prostitute
Theme: Reinterpretation of proper subject matter
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Paris, France
Other: Very chaotic paint strokes on her body, isn't highly finished/sketchy, highly criticized for how dirty her body looks, modeled after Titian's Venus of Urbino except changed the dog (symbol of fidelity) with a black cat (symbol for lust). Titian's servants are doing their work but Manet's servant brings her flowers from a grateful or prospective client. Olympia was a generic term for a lower-class prostitute at the time |
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Artist: Manet
Title: "Luncheon on the Grass"
Date: 1863
Culture: Impressionism
Subject: Two clothed men and a naked woman lounging on the side of the river, one woman bathing
Theme: River gods of the classical era
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Paris, France
Other: Woman is too uninhibited, lack of modeling in the female nude and the large strokes of thick, rich paint, based off of paintings from the Renaissance of a combination between dressed men and nude women, his updating of these Renaissance sources may have deeper social meaning such as the polarity of French society, the natural world confronting the artificial, or the painting may simply represent artists picnicking with their models, disrespectful use of the river god figures from "Judgment of Paris" by Raimondi after Raphael |
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Artist: Raimondi after Raphael
Title: "Judgment of Paris"
Date: 1520 |
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Artist: Titian
Title: "Venus of Urbino"
Date: 1538 |
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Artist: Gustave Caillebotte
Title: "The Europe Bridge (Pont de l'Europe)"
Date: 1876
Culture: Impressionism
Subject: Everyday life on a European bridge, flaneur
Theme: Haussmannization
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Unmentioned
Other: Flaneur casual, show what was culturally acceptable, Haussmannization the building up and remodeling of Paris during the 1850s to 1870s, celebrating the bridge |
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Artist: Wohaw
Title: "Wohaw between Two Worlds"
Date: 1876
Culture: Kiowa
Subject: Wohaw trapped between his Indian culture and the new Western culture
Theme: Internal conflict
Patron: None
Medium: Pencil and crayon on notebook paper
Original Location: Prison for Indians
Other: From the indian perspective of westward expansion, Native world represented on the left with the buffalo and teepee, Western world located on the right with a domesticated cattle and small house |
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Artist: Leutze
Title: "Study for Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way (Westward Ho!)"
Date: 1861
Culture: Western
Subject: Men and women pioneers facing westward before they expand
Theme: Manifest Destiny
Patron: None
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Unmentioned
Other: Expansion, Western Frontier, Manifest Destiny, west as promoted land of adventure, Conveys European and American ideals, title from poem by George Burkley, travelers, moving from right to left of picture, explorer pointing towards western side of composition, below view of San Francisco Bay |
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Artist: Thomas Eakins
Title: "The Gross Clinic" aka "Portrait of Dr. Samuel Gross"
Date: 1875
Culture: American Realism
Subject: Dr. Samuel Gross during one of his procedures/teaching lessons
Theme: Extreme realism and surgical technological advances
Patron: Not commissioned, rather Eakins intended to submit it to the arts section at the Centennial Exposition
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Philadelphia
Other: Eakins represented Gross in the operating amphitheater at work, overhead light directs our attention to Gross's head, silhouetting it dramatically against the background, visually electrifying effect suggests that Eakins is searching for a concrete metaphor for the intensity of Gross's thoughts, overall warm harmony with red underpainting, his hand and scalpel jump out because they seem to be in sharp focus (probably because Eakins was a photographer and therefore chose to focus on one thing and fade out all others) |
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Artist: Courbet
Title: "The Studio of the Painter: A Real Allegory Summing up Seven Years of My Artistic Life"
Date: 1854-55
Culture: Realism
Subject: Courbet looking back on his life
Theme: Mythical role of the artist
Patron: Proudhon
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Paris, France
Other: Thinking back to earlier works, can be divided into 3 sections depicting recognizable people: old society on left, artist in middle, new society on the right, role of the artist throughout social change, art was an ideal form of labor through which human virtue could become manifest. As society evolved, all labor would tend towards the aesthetic. |
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Artist: El Greco
Title: "The Burial of Count Orgaz"
Date: 1586
Culture: Spanish Renaissance/Baroque/Mannerist
Subject: Burial of Count Orgaz
Theme: Catholic Ritual, Legend of the beginning of the 14th century
Patron: Unmentioned
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Toledo, Spain
Other: Catholic depiction of the afterlife, the legend says that after Don Gonzalo Ruiz died he left a ton of money to help rebuild the church and when he was buried it was said that Saint Stephen and Saint Augustine came down from heaven |
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Artist: Gustave Courbet
Title: "Burial at Ornans"
Date: 1849-50
Culture: Revolutionary Art
Subject: A funeral in Courbet's hometown outside of Paris
Theme: Simple direct observation
Patron: Unmentioned
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Paris, France
Other: offers an objective view of life in mid-nineteenth century France, Courbet insisted that the only goal of the artist was to reproduce objects exactly as is, deceased not identified, nothing heroic or inspiring just complete simple direct observation |
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Artist: Goya
Title: "The Execution of Madrilenos on the Third of May 1808"
Date: 1814
Culture: Spanish
Subject: Execution of Madrilenos (residents of Madrid) by the Napoleonic troops
Theme: Helples individuals and the depersonalized power of an anonymous authority
Patron: Commissioned by the government
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Madrid, Spain
Other: Stab at Jaques Louis, when commissioned it was supposed to show heroism of Spanish against French troops but instead shows the people of Madrid as victims, Napoleonic troops occupied Spain from 1808 to 1814 |
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Artist: Courbet
Title: "The Stonebreakers"
Date: 1849-50
Culture: Working class Heroism
Subject: American workers breaking stone
Theme: Rural labor
Patron: Unmentioned
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Unmentioned
Other: Scene of rural labor, shows 2 figures on side of road, this kind of work for people that been forced off farms, reminded between transition from crop sharing to daily jobs, critics didn't like them, overly detailed and contemporary subjects |
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Artist: Goya
Title: "Burial of the Sardine"
Date: 1816
Culture: Social Commentary
Subject: Half a pig buried, shaped like a sardine, carnival
Theme: Sinister carnival
Patron: Unmentioned
Medium: Oil on panel
Original Location: Madrid, Spain
Other: Dark and sinister, banner with scary face, girls in white connect tradition and ritual, carnival represents the fate of the revolution |
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Artist: Delacroix
Title: "Liberty Leading the People"
Date: 1831
Culture: French Revolution
Subject: 1830 Revolution, overthrow of Charles X
Theme: Celebration of Revolution
Patron: Unmentioned
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Paris, France
Other: Shows the uprising of Parisians when they mounted a revolutionary red, white and blue flag on the spires of Notre-Dame Cathedral, the personification of Liberty after a goddess but with unshaven armpits and dirt all over, she leads an army of Parisian rebels over the bodies of their dead comrades toward victory, instead of the Neoclassical techniques of sharp linearity Delacroix chose to use blurred edges, strong colors, and loose brushstrokes |
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Artist: David
Title: "Death of Marat"
Date: 1793
Culture: Nineteenth-century French art, Modernism
Subject: Assassination of Marat on July 13, 1793 by Charlotte Corday
Theme: Political painting, Revolution
Patron: Unmentioned
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: France
Other: Meant to look like a martyr, The revolutionary leader and radical journalist Jean-Paul Marat was murdered in his bathtub my Charlotte Corday |
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Artist: Boucher
Title: "Triumph of Venus"
Date: 1740
Culture: Rococco
Subject: Venus surrounded by cherubs
Theme: Pleasure and aristocracy
Patron: Most likely an aristocrat
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: St. Petersburg, Russia
Other: Prized art of the aristocracy, Meant to convey a sense of pleasure and relaxation |
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Artist: David
Title: "Oath of the Horatii"
Date: 1785
Culture: French
Subject: War between Rome and Alba (669 BC)
Theme: Pre-climatic moment right before battle
Patron: King Louis XVI
Medium: Oil on canvas
Original Location: Paris, France
Other: 3 Horatii brothers were sent to fight three Curiatii brothers, but one of the Curiatii sisters was married to one of the Horatii while one of the Horatii sisters was engaged to a Curiatii. Despite the ties of the 2 families, the Horatii's father exhorts his sons to fight the Curiatii and they obey, despite the lamentations of the women. One of the Horatii brothers kills his sister's fiance and then kills her in rage but is later pardoned, message that we must all be prepared to give up things for your country |
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Old Regime
King
Monarchy
Hierarchical Society
Rococo |
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Republic
Third estate
Democracy
Society of Equals
Genre of History Painting |
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| Napoleon's years in power |
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| Gauguin leaves his wife and children in ________ |
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| Gauguin goes to Pont-Aven in Brittany in _______ |
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| Gauguin goes to Tahiti in ______ |
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| his tendency to idealize a supposedly uncivilized, "primitive" culture |
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1. Depicting things accurately (optical realism)
2. Social Realism (Courbet) |
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| During the era of Impressionism, the _____ point of view was seen as freedom to do whatever __ needed or wanted. |
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| Conquering of West and bringing of civilization, rhetoric: American destiny to expand, religious; expressing values of particular people wanting to expand (ideological term) |
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| Art of the US (1700-1900) |
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| Neo-classical compromise between historical accuracy and dramatic effect |
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| artist who created supernatural and fantastical scenes, died 1862, Very influential for later Manga |
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Kyoto
Court Culture
Refined Aesthetic
Nobility and war elite |
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Edo (now Tokyo)
Urban Culture
Commercial Aesthetic
Merchant/Bourgeoisie |
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| Floating worlds of brothels, theaters and restaurants |
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| Prints devoted to that word. Dates from rise of merchant class in 17th century. Images of last two decades of 18th century was the genre's most buoyant phase (portraits of actors sometimes) |
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| Japan became open for foreign trade in _____ |
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| craze for Japanese art during time, influence of Japanese arts on the West |
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| Term used after 1874 to define a group of artists, including Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Gustave Caillebotte, Edgar Degas, Berthe Morisot. Pleasures and freedoms of the middle class, term used after 1874, deals with the effect exterior objects make upon the senses. |
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| Casual man, someone who observes rather than participates, many Impressionist paintings seem to be painted from this point of view |
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| for art to be relevant, it had to concern itself with modernity |
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| In the late 19th century, there was a widespread interest for ________ because they showed a more basic, primitive, and pure time. |
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| 2 Sides of the late 19th century European perception of Africa |
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1. Africans are primitive but are on their way to civilization
2. Killer savages; negative view of Africans as heathens |
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| short parallel brush strokes on a diagonal, built in patches |
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