La Front Poulaire

1936

Social progress in France:

• Strikes
• Added pressure on the government
• Better working conditions
• Paid vacations
• Wage increases
• collective bargaining

• 1939-1940
• French Army was unprepared
• Caused civil tensions
• Armstice June 1940

France

UK

Begium

Poland

USSR

US

China

Germany

Italy

Japan

Hungary

Institution of Patriachal, hierarchial society

• Work
• Family
• Nation

Collaberation:

• Economical
• Military
• Ideological

Main Elements

• The Shield Arguement
• Xenophobi
• Anti-Semitism
• Authority
• Peasant life opposed to urban values

Divided France:

Occupied France

• German Rules
• German Administration
• After November 1942 all of France is occupied 

A divided France:

Vichy government

• Puppets to the German administration
• Authorities make Anti-Semite laws (1940) 

• French general who led a "Free France Campaign"
• The resistance
• Initiated the fifth republic

• Tirailleurs: Colonial infantry men brought in from Senegal to fight in World War I
• Indigenes: Native French that fought in the war
• Brazzaville conference
• Mers el kebir: Algeria 1940
• Operation Torch: Algeria 1942
   

Brazzaville Conference

1940

Conference following the Free France campaign

The declaration from the conference (also referred to as the Brazzaville Declaration) included the following points:

1. The French Empire would remain united.
2. Semi-autonomous assemblies would be established in each colony.
3. Citizens of France's colonies would share equal rights with French citizens.
4. Citizens of French colonies would have the right to vote for the French parliament.
5. The native population would be employed in public service positions within the colonies.
6. Economic reforms would be made to diminish the exploitative nature of the relationship between France and its colonies

The British bombardment of the French at Mers el Kebir, on the coast of current time French algeria.  Killed 1,297 French servicemen. The UK acted on a belief the French and Germans would join forces.

Free France Resistance:

• De Gaulle
• Based in London
• Proclaimed and recognized by FrenchAuthorities and Allies

Interior Resistance:

• Movements with newspapers
• Uniting groups like La Consell National de la Resistance.

Motivations:

• Important communists
• Humanists, Christian democrats, and Patriots

• No French extermination camps
• Intricate railroads to trasnport Jews, Gypsies, and homosexuals.
• Drancy: Concentration camp in NE Paris. Was a detention center used to hold prisoners until transit train arrived.
• Milice: Was a French militia that assisted in gathering those that resisted the German army. Considered more dangerous that the German Gestapo.

• In charge of the Vichy governemt, taken over by Germany  
• Kept two million French Soldiers hostage in German labor camps.
• Assisted the Germans in gathering Jews for exile.
• Sentenced to death for treason

D-Day

June 6, 1944

• Invasion of the US armed forces on Normandy and Provence France to over throw the German forces.
• 50-70 Million casualties
• 568,000 French
• 83,000 in extermination camps
• 22,000 African soldiers
• 1.5 milion in Indochina 

Armsistice

May 8, 1945

• Paris is liberated August 25, 1944
• De Gaulle takes control
• Womens suffrage
• Collaborators  punished without trials
• North African soldiers return
• Allies still not considered citizens after fighting for France

Setif and Guelma

Massacre

• Department of France
• immense French population
• Largely known for resistance 

• The war was a turning point vis-a-vis the colonies
• Algeria and other territories will ask for independence
• France gained many parts of Germany. ( Syria, Lebanon, and parts of Togo and Cameroun.)
• France depended on these colonies during the war
• Atlantic Charter
• Brazzaville conference

The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war:

• No territorial aggrandizement
• No territorial changes made against the wishes of the people
• Restoration of self-government to those deprived of it
• Free access to raw materials
• Reduction of trade restrictions
• Global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all
• Freedom from fear and want
• Freedom of the seas
• Abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations

The First Indochina War

1946-1954

• After negotiations with Ho Chu Minh France attacked Vietnam in November 1946 killing 6,000 and capturing Hanoi
• Restored a nominal authority of an emperor
• War began in December 1946
• Ho was supported by China communists
• U.S supports France with $3 million in money and arms for the first Vietnam war.
• In 1954the battle of Dien Bien Phu marked French defeat.
• Geneva conference marked the end of the war April-July 1954

• Conqured by France in 1896

March 1947:

• France refuses to concede some rights and abolish forced labor.
• Population organizes politically and preps for insurrection.
• French repression kills 89,000
• Wins independence in 1960

• Part of the French Union since WWII
• Deputies seat at the National Assembly
• Political party for independence outlawed in 1955
• Colonial war lasted 7 years
• Independence in 1960 

• Part of France since 1912
• Sultan decorated "Companion of the Liberation"
• After riots in 1955 France bans the Communist party Istqlal party
• Independence March 7, 1956

• Exiled to Madagascar after the French took control of Morocco, andhis father took throne. He was exiled due to political discriminations.  
• Returned from exile: 1955

1. Monarchy Restoration-1830
2. Civilizing mission concepts
3. Prestige
4. Settler colonization

• Vs. Indochine 
• Penal colonies-1848

• Pieds noir
• Algerian Jews
• Harkis- Algerians that side with the French
• 8.7 million total population in 1954 

Algerian War

1954

Red All Saint's Day

• Organized independent groups

Coordinated terrorists sttacks against French presence

• Algerian civillian killed as well

Rise of the Fellaghas (roads cutter)  

• They want to keep Algeria French
• Military presence is increased, and terms extended to 30 months
• 400,000 soldiers there to keep order-1956

• Created in Cairo by Ben Bella
• Considered the most extreme Liberation party
• Killed and torutred those for French Algeria
• Central role of women

• Created in 1961 as a far right organization
• Opposed the FLN
• Directed attacks on public places

• Independence March 18, 1962
• Treaty between De Gaulle and the Algerian temporary government
• After signing, OAS intensifies bombings