Term
| deficiencies of a single vitamin |
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Definition
| it can occur as a result of an inborn error of metabolism or as a result of unusual restriction in dietary intake. |
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Definition
organic compounds
required in trace amounts
Support and facilitate health, growth, and reproduction.
Required in small amounts
Often serve in a catalytic (coenzyme) roles |
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Term
| A compound is called a vitamin when |
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Definition
| it cannot be synthesized in sufficient quantities and must be obtained from the diet. |
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Definition
| particular vitamin is any of the chemical compounds which exhibit vitamin activity. |
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| Vitamins are classified by |
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Definition
| biological and chemical activity, not their structure. |
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Definition
| more soluble in organic solvents where as the water-soluble vitamins are more soluble in aqueous solutions |
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| Water-soluble vitamins definition |
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Definition
| function as coenzymes for a number of enzymatic reactions whereas the fat-soluble vitamins generally do not function as coenzymes. |
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Term
| Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions including: |
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Definition
| hormones, antioxidants, mediate cell signaling/regulate cell growth, precursors for enzyme co factors |
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Term
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Definition
| Vitamin A1, A2, D2, D3, E, K1, and K2 |
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Term
| The water soluble vitamins |
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Definition
| vitamin B1, B2, B6, B12, C, Niacin, Niacinamide, Folacin, Biotin, and Pantothenic Acid, |
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Term
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Definition
| retinyl palmitate, which is converted to an alcohol (retinol) in the small intestine. |
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Term
| two natural forms of vitamin A |
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Definition
| retinol (A1) and 3-dehydroretinol (A2). |
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Term
| Vitamin A plays a role in a variety of functions throughout the body |
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Definition
Vision
Gene transcription
Immune function
Embryonic development and reproduction
Bone metabolism
Haematopoiesis
Skin health
Reducing risk of heart disease
Antioxidant Activity |
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Definition
| involved in a reversible cycle with opsin and rhodopsin resulting in optic nerve transmission. |
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Term
| primary vitamin A deficiency |
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Definition
| occurs among children and adults who do not consume an adequate intake of yellow and green vegetables, fruits and liver. |
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Term
| Secondary vitamin A deficiency |
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Definition
| associated with chronic malabsorption of lipids, impaired bile production and release, low fat diets, and chronic exposure to oxidants, such as cigarette smoke |
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Term
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Definition
| impair absorption, transport, and metabolism of vitamin A because it is essential for the synthesis of the vitamin A transport proteins and the oxidation of retinol to retinal |
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Definition
| Since the function of retinyl group is the light absorption in retinylidene protein, one of the earliest and specific manifestations of vitamin A deficiency |
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Definition
| nausea, jaundice, irritability, anorexia (not to be confused with anorexia nervosa, the eating disorder), vomiting, blurry vision, headaches, muscle and abdominal pain and weakness, drowsiness and altered mental status. |
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| involved with the transfer of aldehydes in the oxidative carboxylation of alpha-keto acids. |
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Definition
| oxidative –reduction reactions in metabolic pathways and in electron transfer. |
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Definition
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Definition
| cofactor in many reactions of amino acid metabolism, including transamination, deamination, and decarboxylation. |
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Definition
| necessary for the enzymatic reaction governing the release of glucose from glycogen. |
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Definition
| absorbed in the jejunum and ileum via passive diffusion. Animals are able to absorb quantities which exceed physiological demands |
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Definition
| excreted in the urine; the major product of which is 4-pyridoxic acid. Several studies have shown that 4-pyridoxic acid is undetectable in the urine of vitamin B6 deficient subjects, making it a useful clinical marker to assess the vitamin B6 status of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| physiologically active substances chemically classified as cobalamins. |
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Term
| Vitamin B12 is a coenzyme for two physiologically important functions in humans |
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Definition
1) The synthesis of methionine. Methionine is essential in the formation of formate, which is essential in purine synthesis.
2) The conversion of methylmalonic acid to succinic acid. The conversion of methylmalonic acid plays important roles in the metabolism of fatty acids and aliphatic amino acids |
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Term
| Vitamin B12 associated with three transport proteins |
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Definition
1)Intrinsic factor
2) transcobalamin II
3) Cobalophilins |
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Term
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Definition
| beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, |
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Term
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Definition
| neurological and cardiovascular disease. |
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Term
| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome |
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Definition
| alcoholism. This results from: Inadequate nutritional intake, Reduced liver thiamine stores, impaired thiamine utilization, and decreased uptake from the GI. |
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Definition
| cracked and red lips, inflammation of the lining of mouth and tongue, mouth ulcers, cracks at the corners of the mouth and a sore throat. |
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Definition
| seborrhoeic dermatitis-like eruption, atrophic glossitis with ulceration, angular cheilitis, conjunctivitis, intertrigo, and neurologic symptoms of somnolence, confusion, and neuropathy. |
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Definition
| severe and irreversible damage, especially to the brain and nervous system |
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Definition
| lipophilic, hydrophobic vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| carboxylation of certain glutamate residues in proteins to form gamma-carboxyglutamate residues (abbreviated Gla-residues). Gla-residues are usually involved in binding calcium. The Gla-residues are essential for the biological activity of all known Gla-proteins |
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Definition
| Blood coagulation, Bone metabolism and vascular biology |
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Term
| Populations at risk for K deficiencies are |
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Definition
| new borns, alcoholic, and cystic fibrosis |
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Definition
| an essential nutrient for humans amd a large number of higher primate species |
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Term
| Ascorbic acid bears numerous physiological functions in human body |
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Definition
| synthesis of collagen, carnitine and neurotransmitter, synthesis and catabolism of tyrosine, metabolism of microsome. |
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Term
| The main action of ascorbate |
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Definition
| functioning as a reducing agent to maintain iron and copper atoms in its reduced state. |
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Definition
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Definition
| formation of liver spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from all mucous membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| LD50 (the dose that will kill 50% of a population) in rats is generally accepted to be 11.9 grams per kilogram of body weight when taken orally |
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Term
| glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency |
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Definition
| development of hemolytic anemia after ingesting specific oxidizing substances, such as very large dosages of vitamin C |
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Definition
| collective name for a set of 8 related tocopherols and the corresponding four tocotrienols, which are fat-soluble vitamins with antioxidant properties |
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Definition
| most important lipid-soluble antioxidant protecting cell membranes from oxidation by reacting with lipid radicals produced in the lipid peroxidation chain reaction |
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Definition
| Topical use in encouraging skin healing and reducing scarring after injuries |
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| neurological problems due to poor nerve conduction. These include neuromuscular problems such as spinocerebellar ataxia and myopathies. |
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