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Final Exam
Miscellaneous Body Fluids: Stool Analysis
46
Science
Graduate
04/17/2013

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Cards

Term
Why do we analyze feces
Definition
early detection of gastrointestinal disorders including: bleeding, liver and biliary disease, malabsorption syndromes, and inflammation.
Term
Routine examination includes
Definition
macroscopic, microscopic and chemical analysis
Term
Chronic diarrhea
Definition
loose stool with or without increased frequency for more than four weeks
Term
Secretory diarrhea
Definition
Usually results from increased secretion of water and electrolytes which override the reabosrptive ability of the large intestines
Term
Osmotic diarrhea
Definition
Incomplete digestion of foodstuffs presnet increased fecal material resulting in increased water retention in the large bowel.
Term
Specimen Collection
Definition
Usually instruct patient to collect specimen in a clean bedpan or similar container and then transfer the specimen to the appropriate transport containers.
Term
Random specimens
Definition
suitable for most screenings and qualitative tests for blood, leukocytes, fibers, and fat
Term
Quantitative testing
Definition
require a timed specimen. Most common to require 72hour collection (3 day).
Term
Normal color
Definition
results from oxidation of the hemoglobin derivative urobilinogen to urobilin.
Term
Absence of color
Definition
blockage of the bile duct but is also seen after diagnostic procedures using barium sulfate
Term
Black stool
Definition
presence of blood typically due to bleeding in the upper digestive tract, such as from a bleeding peptic ulcer.
Term
Bright red stool
Definition
presence of undigested blood, either from lower in the digestive tract, or from a more active source in the upper digestive tract.
Term
Watery consistency
Definition
associated with diarrhea, hard stools with constipation, slender ribbon-like stool suggest an intestinal obstruction
Term
Steatorrhea
Definition
increased stool fat usually resulting from an absence of lipase and bile salts
Term
Mucus
Definition
inflammation; dysentery
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
indicates bowel mucosal inflammation, which occurs in invasive bacterial enteritis and ulcerative colitis
Term
bacteria causing diarrhea
Definition
Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia, and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli. Bacteria causing diaherra by toxin production, i.e., Stapphylococcus aureus and Vibrio sp. Do not cause leukocyte appearence
Term
Lactoferrin
Definition
iron-binding glycoprotein released from leukocytes during the course of an inflammatory reaction
Term
lactoferrin in stool correlates with
Definition
presence of fecal leukocytes even when those cells have deteriorated or have been destroyed by bacterial toxins or parasites
Term
Examination for undigested striated muscle fibers
Definition
useful in the diagnosis and monitoring of pancreatic insufficiency
Term
The presence of increased numbers of muscle fibers suggests
Definition
impaired digestion and rapid movement of food through the intestines.
Term
impaired digestion disorders
Definition
cystic fibrosis, biliary obstruction, and gastrocolic fistulas
Term
digested fibers
Definition
characteristic striations
Term
poorly digested fibers
Definition
distinct striations
Term
When counting muscle fibers count
Definition
distinct striations
Term
Fecal Fat
Definition
Examination is to identify the presence of malabsorption or maldigestion
Term
steatorrhea specimen
Definition
pale, greasy, bulky, and sponge-like in consistency and with a foul odor
Term
diseases of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract are characterized by fat malabsorption.
Definition
Disorders of exocrine pancreatic function, Celiac disease, Short bowel syndrome , Small bowel bacterial overgrowth syndrome
Term
Disorders of exocrine pancreatic function
Definition
chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis and Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (these are characterized by deficiency of pancreatic digestive enzymes)
Term
Celiac disease
Definition
in which the fat malabsorption in severe cases due to inflammatory damage to the integrity of the intestinal lining)
Term
Short bowel syndrome
Definition
in which much of the small intestine has had to be surgically removed and the remaining portion cannot completely absorb all of the fat).
Term
Normal Qualitative Fecal Fat
Definition
less than 60 globules of fat per high-power field will be observed in the preparation
Term
steatorrhea Qualitative Fecal Fat
Definition
> 60 orange colored globules
Term
Presenece of Fatty Acids/Soaps steatorrhea
Definition
>100 fat globules of varying sizes will be present
Term
Presenece of Fatty Acids/Soaps normal
Definition
<100 stained globules will be present
Term
pathologically significant Occult Blood
Definition
2 mLs of blood per 150 grams of fecal matter
Term
Conditions that produce small and invisible amounts of blood in feces are
Definition
cancer, bleeding gums, esophageal varices, hemorrhoids, drugs that irritate the intestinal mucosa, ulcers, and inflammatory conditions.
Term
testing for occult blood in feces detects a significant percentage of
Definition
colorectal cancers
Term
Why use GUAIAC Reagent
Definition
Fecal material contains a variety of digested food materials that exhibit peroxidase activity and can react with the blood test and produce a false positive result. Because guaiac has such low sensitivity, it produces fewer false positive tests.

Benezene in a carcinogen
Term
False-positive tests
Definition
raw red meat, inadequately cooked meats of all types, vegetables with peroxidase activity (turnips, broccoli, cauliflower), fruits with peroxidase activity (bananas, pears, plums), certain bacteria, and certain drugs (aspirin) that irritates the G.I. mucosa and causes bleeding.
Term
False-negative tests
Definition
ascorbic acid, anti-acids, and anti-inflammatory medications
Term
Osmotic diarrhea are characterized by osmotic gaps
Definition
>125mOsm/kg
Term
Stool pH
Definition
Values <5.6 are consistent with carbohydrate malabsorption
Term
Ova and parasite testing with specail attention to
Definition
Cryptosporidium, Microsporidium, and Giardia
Term
Stool cultures for
Definition
Clostridium difficile and analysis for the C. difficile toxin
Term
Structural disease
Definition
usualy identified through radiography, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy
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