Term
| What are cast composed of |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is Tamm-Horsfall protein secreted from |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is Tamm-Horsfall protein? |
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Definition
| large molecular weight glycoprotein (7 millions Daltons) with 25% to 40% of its weight being carbohydrates |
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Term
| What does size and shape of cast depend on? |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors known to be promoters of cast formation include (5) |
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Definition
Presence of albumin or other plasma proteins
Urinary stasis,
Decreased glomerular filtration rate
Acid pH
Osmolality between 200 and 400 mOsm/Kg |
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Term
|
Definition
| Possess low refractive index – difficult to see |
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Term
| Hyaline cast disease association |
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Definition
| proteinuria, renal disease, strenuous exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually highly refractive and cigar shaped with one tapered end, arise from cytoplasmic products |
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Term
|
Definition
| spherical lipid bodies, composed of cholesterol |
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Term
| Fatty cast disease association |
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Definition
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Term
| how can you tell fatty cast from red blood cell cast? |
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Definition
| birefringence under polarized light, maltese-cross formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| highly refractive, parallel margins, ends appear broken |
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Term
| Waxy cast disease association |
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Definition
| significant renal pathology, degradation of the nephron |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Red cell cast disease association |
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Definition
| damage to glomerulus, proteinuria |
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Term
|
Definition
| incorporation of polys, fragile and degenerate |
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Term
| WBC cast disease association |
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Definition
| pyelonephritis, proteinuria |
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Term
|
Definition
| hemoglobin leakage into cast |
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Term
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Definition
| results from the precipitation of urine solutes that include inorganic salts, organic compounds, medications ,radiographic dyes and contrast media. |
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Term
| What is precipitation influenced by? |
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Definition
| temperature, solute concentration and the pH of the solvent (urine). |
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Term
| What are abnormal crystals associated with? |
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Definition
| liver disease or inborn errors of metabolism. |
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Term
| Crystals found in Acid Urine |
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Definition
| Amorphous Urates, Crystalline Urates, Uric Acid and Calcium Oxalate |
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Term
| Crystals found in Alkaline Urine |
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Definition
| Amorphous phosphates, triple phosphates, Calcium Carbonate, and Ammonium Biurate |
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Term
|
Definition
| yellowish-brown to colorless. Highly birefringent under polarized light |
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Term
| Uric Acid crystals disease association |
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Definition
| May be increased in gout, and chemotherapy treatment for leukemia or lymphoma due to increase cell turn over rates |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Amorphous Urates condition association |
|
Definition
| refrigerated specimens (produce a pink tinged urine sediment) |
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|
Term
| What does the pink color result from in amorphous urates? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| colorless and assume an octahedral or dumbbell shape |
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|
Term
| Calcium Oxalate condition association |
|
Definition
| patient has ingested foods high in oxalate, i.e., rhubarb, asparagus |
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Term
|
Definition
| appear star shaped or as long thin prisms or needles |
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|
Term
| Calcium Phosphate solubility |
|
Definition
| least soluble in alkaline medium, dissolve in dilute acids (HCl, Acetic acid) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| uncommon, colorless and appear as small granules, in fours, or as spheres, sometimes as needles |
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|
Term
| Calcium Carbonate identification |
|
Definition
| produces CO2 when mixed with an acid |
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Term
| Triple Phosphate Crystals |
|
Definition
| 3 to 6 sided prisms with oblique ends. Referred to as coffin lids |
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|
Term
| Triple Phosphate Crystals solubility |
|
Definition
| Soluble in dilute acetic acid |
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|
Term
| Amorphous Phosphate Crystals |
|
Definition
| colorless amorphous granules, fine lacy precipitate macroscopically, clumps |
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|
Term
| Amorphous Phosphate Crystals solubility |
|
Definition
| Insoluble in heat; soluble with dilute hydrochloric, acetic acids |
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|
Term
| Ammonium Biurate Crystals |
|
Definition
| yellow-brown spheres referred to as thorn apples, radial or concentric striations and irregular projections or thorns |
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|
Term
| Ammonium Biurate Crystals solubility |
|
Definition
| Dissolve with heat at 60 C. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Cystine Crystals appearance |
|
Definition
| colorless, refractile, and as a hexagonal plate. |
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|
Term
| Cystine Crystals solubility |
|
Definition
| Soluble in water, pH <2 or >8, Soluble in ammonium water but also dilute hydrochloric acid |
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|
Term
| Cystine Crystals confirmation |
|
Definition
| cyanide-nitroprusside reaction |
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|
Term
| Tyrosine Crystals appearance |
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Definition
| silky needles that may be arranged as sheaves or clumps especially after refrigeration, colorless or with a slight yellow tinge. May appear black as the microscope is focused |
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Term
| Tyrosine Crystals solubility |
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Definition
| Soluble in alkali such as ammonium or potassium hydroxide, Also soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid, Not soluble in alcohol or ether, Are less soluble than leucine; therefore more often precipitate in urine |
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|
Term
| Leucine Crystals appearance |
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Definition
| Appear yellow. Oily-appearing spheres with radial or concentric striations. |
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|
Term
| Leucine Crystals precipitation |
|
Definition
| precipitated with tyrosine crystals with the addition of alcohol |
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|
Term
| Leucine Crystals solubility |
|
Definition
| Soluble in acids and alkalis but unlike fat is not soluble in ether. Often use to differentiate leucine from fat. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Sulfonamide Crystals appearance |
|
Definition
| resembles sheaves of wheat with a central binding. Usually yellow-brown but may appear colorless |
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|
Term
| Sulfonamide Crystals confirmation |
|
Definition
| Can use the diazo reaction to confirm |
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|
Term
| Cholesterol Crystals appearance |
|
Definition
| colorless, flat plates with characteristic corner notch |
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|
Term
| Cholesterol Crystals are usually seen with |
|
Definition
| fatty casts or oval fat bodies |
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|
Term
| Cholesterol Crystals solubility |
|
Definition
| Very soluble in chloroform, ether, or hot alcohol |
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|
Term
| Fiber contaminants usually from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How to tell a fiber from a cast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bright and faintly striated and should not be confused with cells |
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|
Term
| Strarch Granules appearance |
|
Definition
| irregular outline and central depression |
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|
Term
| Strarch Granules polarization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do Strarch Granules get into urine? |
|
Definition
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