Term
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Definition
filter small organisms or bits of organic debris from water by means of cilia, mucous-lined "nets," or other structures
ex: sponges and tubeworms |
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Term
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Definition
swallow organic-rich sediments and other types of deposited material
ex: earthworms and sea cucumbers |
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Term
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Definition
| such or lap up fluids---blood, nectar. or sap |
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Term
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Definition
seize and manipulate chunks of food by using mouthparts such as jaws and teeth, beaks, or special toxin-injectiong organs
ex:majority of animals |
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Term
| Cichilids can use their _______________ jaw to bite because |
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Definition
pharyngeal
1. their upper pharyngeal jaw connects to the skull
2. Muscles allow the lower pharyngeal jaw to move up and down |
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Term
| pharyngeal jaws provide an extra set of ____________ structures |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a wave of muscular contraction that propels food down the esophagus towards the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme that is responsible for digesting proteins in the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| converted to active pepsin by contact with the acidic environment of the stomach |
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Term
| Why don't cells digest themselves? |
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Definition
| because they secrete in inactive form |
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Term
| Where is pepsin produced? |
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Definition
| pepsin (which breaks down protein) is produced in the stomach unlike the enzymes amylase (which breaks down carbohydrates) and lipase (which breaks down lipids or fats) which are produced in the pancreas. |
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Term
| Pepsinogens and it activation |
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Definition
| Pepsinogens are secreted in a form such that the activation peptide assumes a compact structure that occludes the active site |
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Term
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Definition
| structure for absorbing nutrients |
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Term
| How do digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas no digest the pancreas? |
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Definition
secreted in inactive form
inactive=trypsinogen-inside pancreas
Enterokinase-enzyme
Active form- trypsin-break down proteins and activate other digestive enzymes |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by a defect in the production of of insulin- a hormone secreted by the pancreas that promotes the uptake of glucose from the blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| three steps for glucose absorption |
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Definition
1. Sodium potassium pumps in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells creates an electrochemical gradient that favors the entry of Na+
2. Glucose from digested food enters the cell along with sodium via the cotransporter
3. Glucose diffuses into nearby blood vessels through a glucose carrier in the basolateral membrane |
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Term
| The incidence of type 2 diabetes is correlated with |
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Definition
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Term
| What are type 2 diabetes caused by? |
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Definition
| defect in the insulin receptor on the surface of cells |
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Term
| what is the function of glucagon |
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Definition
| to signal the liver to release glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| are the outgrowth of the body surface or throat that are use for gas exchange in aquatic animals |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen is transferred along the entire length of capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| infoldings of the throat that are used for gas exchange found in terrestrial vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
| lungs of mammals are finely divided into tiny sacs called |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest of the body's blood vessels, networks of capillaries cover the alveoli |
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Term
| One way air flow- birds lungs |
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Definition
1. Posterior air sacs fill with outside air
2. Lungs fill with wire from posterior sacs
3. Anterior sacs fill with air from lungs
4. Anterior air sacs empty |
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Term
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Definition
| where oxygen binds with hemoglobin |
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Term
| How many oxygen molecules can bind to each hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| binding of each successive oxygen molecule to a subunit of the hemoglobin molecule causes a conformational change in the protein that makes the remaining subunits much more likely to bind to oxygen |
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Term
| As CO2 is converted to carbonic acid` |
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Definition
| concentration of carbon dioxide goes down so blood can absorb even more carbon dioxide |
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Term
| When blood reaches the lungs |
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Definition
| disposes of C02 it is carrying and takes up oxygen which you have inhaled. |
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Term
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Definition
| vessels that return the blood to the heart under low pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| are tough, thick-walled vessels that take blood away from the heart under high pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| are vessels whose walls are just one cell thick, allowing gases and other molecules to exchange with tissues in networks called capillary beds |
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Term
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Definition
1. Actin potential to muscle
2. Acetylcholine released
3. Ca++ ions released in muscle
4. Ca++ causes myosis binding sites on catin to be exposed to myosin
5. ATP binding and myosin latches on to actin filaments
6. ATP->ADP
myosin retracts pulls on actin
causes muscle retraction |
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