Term
| _______________is research that solves practical problems and improves the quality of life |
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Definition
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Term
| ____is a factor or condition that is measured at the end of an experiment and is presumed to vary as a result of the independent variable(s). |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a research method in which the researchers observe and record behavior in its natural setting without attempting to influence or control it. |
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Definition
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Term
| In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the independent variable, or the treatment is the ________group. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ is a factor or condition that is deliberately manipulated in order to determine whether it causes any change in another behavior or condition. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________is the scientific study of _______and _________. |
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Definition
| Psychology, behavior, mental processes |
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Term
| _________ is a part of the population that is studied and from which data is collected in order to reach conclusions about the entire population. |
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Definition
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Term
| The correlation coefficient ranges from + ___________ to -____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________is the entire group of interest to researchers. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a_________, a single individual or a small number of persons are studied in great depth, usually over an extended period of time. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is a method of study in which researchers use interviews and/or questionnaires to gather information about the attitudes, beliefs, experiences, or behaviors of a group of people. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a _________, the sample includes important subgroups in the same proportions as they are found in the population |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is the only research method that can be used to identify cause – effect relationships. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____________is research that seeks new knowledge and advances general scientific understanding |
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Definition
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Term
| A ____________indicates that two variables vary in the same direction. |
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Definition
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Term
| In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the same experimental environment, but is not given the treatment is called the __________________ group. This group is used for purposes of comparison. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________means that an increase in the value of one variable is associated with a decrease in the value of the other variable. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________maintains that the unconscious is the primary force which determines thoughts, feelings, and behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ psychology emphasized the people make conscious choices and strive for personal growth |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ was the first formal school of thought in psychology and it aimed at analyzing the basic elements of conscious mental experience |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________broadened the scope of psychology to include behavior as well as mental processes and studied how these allowed humans to adapt to their environment |
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Definition
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Term
| Psychology was founded in the year ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ emphasized that individuals perceive objects and patterns as whole units and that the perceived whole is more than the sum of its parts |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________sees humans as active participants who use mental processes to transform information |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ is a technique used in structuralism where a person reports what occurs inside of conscious experience |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________confines itself to the study of behavior because behavior is observable and measurable and, therefore, objective and scientific |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ study how people think, feel, and behave in social situations. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the tendency for an overall impression of another to be influenced more by the first information that is received about that person than by information that comes later. |
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Definition
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Term
| Social psychology is the study of how the_____________influences the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals. |
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Definition
| actual, imagined, or implied presence of others |
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Term
| _____________ is the hypothesis that suggests that we tend to end up with a partner similar to ourselves in physical attractiveness and other assets. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the tendency to attribute personal successes to dispositional causes and failures to situational causes |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ is attributing a behavior to some internal cause, such as a personal trait, motive, or attitude. |
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Definition
| A dispositional (or internal) attribution |
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Term
| __________ is the tendency to feel more positively toward a stimulus as a result of repeated exposure to it. |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________ is attributing a behavior to some external cause or factor operating in the situation. |
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Definition
| A situational (or external) attribution |
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Term
| __________ is the tendency to infer generally positive or negative traits in a person as a result of observing one major positive or negative trait. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________________ are the attitudes and standards of behavior expected of members of a particular group. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ occurs when people discover that some of their attitudes are in conflict with others or that their attitudes are not consistent with their behavior; they are likely to experience an unpleasant state |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is changing or adopting an attitude or behavior to be consistent with the social norms of a group or the expectations of other people. |
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Definition
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Term
| In __________studies, 8 participants were seated around a large table and asked, one by one, to tell the experimenter which of the three lines presented matched a standard line and found that 5% of the participants conformed to the incorrect, unanimous majority all of the time, 70% conformed some of the time, but 25% remained completely independent and were never swayed by the group. Conformity was most evident when the majority was unanimous. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is a relatively stable evaluation of a person, object, situation, or issue. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is when people do what an authority figure says they should do |
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Definition
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Term
| __________________ a deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes and/or behavior of another |
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Definition
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Term
| In _______studies, 65% of participants obeyed the orders of the researcher and delivered the “maximum” voltage to the “learner.” In actuality, the learner was assisting the experimenter and so was considered a __________ while the true participant was not aware of the true purpose of the experiment and the deception involved and so was considered to be a ____________. |
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Definition
| Milgram’s; confederate; naïve subject (or naïve participant) |
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Term
| ___________ is acting in accordance with the wishes, the suggestions, or the direct request of another person. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is behavior that benefits others, such as helping, cooperation, and sympathy. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is any effect on performance, whether positive or negative, that can be attributed to the presence of others. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are widely shared beliefs about the characteristic traits, attitudes, and behaviors of members of various social groups, including the assumption that the members of such groups are usually all alike. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ are negative attitudes toward others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is the fact that as the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, the probability that the victim will receive help decreases, and help, if given, is likely to be delayed. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the feeling among bystanders at an emergency that the responsibility for helping is shared by the group, so each person feels less compelled to act than if he or she alone bore the total responsibility. |
|
Definition
| Diffusion of responsibility |
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Term
| _________ is behavior, usually negative, directed toward others based on their gender, religion, race, or membership in a particular group. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the tendency to put forth less effort when working with others on a common task than when working alone. |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ are socially defined behaviors that are considered appropriate for individuals occupying certain positions within a group. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______is a relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is a neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a conditioned response (i.e. bell producing salivation) |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ classically conditioned ______ to be afraid of the white rat. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is the weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response |
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Definition
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Term
| ______is the reappearance of an extinguished response (in a weaker form) when an organism is exposed to the original conditioned stimulus following a rest period. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______is any stimulus, such as food, that without prior learning will automatically elicit, or bring forth, an unconditioned response (i.e. food producing salivation) |
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Definition
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Term
| ______is a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is the learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (i.e. salivating to the bell) |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ was the person who discovered classical conditioning. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______is a response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning (i.e. salivating to food). |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is the learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus, but not to similar stimuli |
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Definition
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Term
| _______is the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus |
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Definition
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Term
| A __________ is a soundproof chamber with a device for delivering food to an animal subject and is used in operant condition experiments. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is an increase in the frequency of a behavior that occurs as the result of the consequence that the behavior produces |
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Definition
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Term
| _________reinforcement is administered after every desired or correct response; the most effective method of conditioning a new response |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a decrease in behavior that results from an added unpleasant consequence (example: getting a ticket for speeding leads to less speeding). |
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Definition
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Term
| _____reinforcement is a pattern of reinforcement in which some, but not all, correct responses are reinforced |
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Definition
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Term
| A ______schedule is a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a varying number of nonreinforced responses based on an average ratio; produces the highest response rate and is most resistant to extinction |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ investigated the effects of reinforcement on the behavior of laboratory animals. |
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Definition
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Term
| A_______ schedule is a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after the first correct response following a varying time of nonreinforced responses, based on an average time; produces the lowest response rate |
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Definition
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Term
| ______is any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated (Example: Working hard and being given a bonus leads to more working hard) |
|
Definition
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Term
| A _______ schedule is a schedule in which a specific period of time must pass before a response is reinforced |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is a type of learning in which the consequences of behavior are manipulated in order to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response or to shape an entirely new response. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______is a reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers |
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Definition
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Term
| A _______ schedule is a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct responses |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is when a person’s or animal’s behavior is increased by the termination (subtraction) or avoidance of an unpleasant condition (example: taking medicine for a headache gets rid of the headache and leads to more taking of medicine when another headache is felt). |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is a decrease in behavior that results from a removed desired consequence (example: a teen who takes money from parents without permission is not allowed to go out for two weeks which leads to less taking of money). |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is gradually molding a desired behavior (response) by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, thereby gradually guiding the responses toward the ultimate goal |
|
Definition
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Term
| __________ is learning by observing the behavior of others and the consequences of that behavior; learning by imitation |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ states that the consequence, or effect, of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will be strengthened or weakened |
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Definition
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Term
| ___________ is a reinforcer that fulfills a basic physical need for survival and does not depend on learning |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ is anything that strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows |
|
Definition
| A reinforcer or reinforcement |
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Term
| ___________is any unpleasant consequence that follows a response and decreases the probability the response will be repeated |
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Definition
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Term
| _________memory is the subsystem within long-term memory that stores motor skills, habits, and simple classically conditioned responses |
|
Definition
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Term
| The________consists of three different, interacting memory systems known as sensory, short-term, and long-term memory |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ memory is the type of declarative memory that stores general knowledge, or objective facts and information |
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Definition
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Term
| __________is the memory system which contains everything you are currently thinking about and holds about ________different items or bits of information at one time |
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Definition
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Term
| _______refers to grouping information to make it easier to remember |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is bringing information into memory and transforming information into a form that can be used |
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Definition
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Term
| _______with rows of letters and a tone that indicated which row to report was designed to test sensory memory capacity. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______memory is the subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information, and personal life events |
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Definition
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Term
| Cognitive psychologists think of ________ as cognitive process that involves three processes: encoding, storage and retrieval of information. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________involves keeping or maintaining information in memory. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________memory is the type of declarative memory that records events as they have been subjectively experienced |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________occurs when short-term memory is filled to capacity and each new incoming item pushes out an existing item |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ is a memory strategy that involves relating new information to something that is already known |
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Definition
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Term
| _______occurs when information is brought to mind. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ is memory system that holds information from the senses for a period of time ranging from only a fraction of a second to about 2 seconds |
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Definition
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Term
| ________is a person’s vast storehouse of permanent or relatively permanent memories. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________is a memory task in which a person must produce required information by searching memory (example: answering an essay question) |
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Definition
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Term
| _________occurs when information or experiences already stored in long-term memory hinder the ability to remember newer information |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is the tendency to recall the first items on a list more readily than the middle items |
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Definition
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Term
| _________is the tendency to recall information better if one is in the same pharmacological or psychological (mood) state as when the information was encoded |
|
Definition
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Term
| ________is a cause of forgetting resulting from material never having been put into long-term memory |
|
Definition
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Term
| ___________is the finding that, for information learned in a sequence, recall is better for items at the beginning and the end than for items in the middle of a sequence |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________occurs when new learning interferes with the ability to remember previously learned information |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ______is the tendency to recall the last items on a list more readily than the middle items |
|
Definition
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Term
| ______is a measure of retention that requires a person to identify material as familiar, or as having been encountered before (example: answering a multiple choice question) |
|
Definition
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Term
| _____is when items are better recalled when learned and recalled in the same environment |
|
Definition
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Term
| _________ is when someone is certain that they know something, but they are not able to retrieve the information when they need it |
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Definition
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Term
| _____is an account pieced together from a few highlights, using information that may or may not be accurate |
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Definition
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Term
| _______ are the integrated frameworks of knowledge and assumptions a person has about people, objects, and events, which affect how the person encodes and recalls information |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _________is forgetting through suppression or repression in order to protect oneself from material that is too painful, anxiety- or guilt-producing, or otherwise unpleasant |
|
Definition
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Term
| ________is when unpleasant memories are literally removed from consciousness and the person is no longer aware that the event occurred. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In the _________stage, infants gain an understanding of the world through their senses and their motor activities; object permanence is gained at the end of this stage |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _____is the concept that a given quantity of matter remains the same despite rearrangement or change in its appearance, as long as nothing is added or taken away |
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Definition
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Term
| ______ is conceiving of ideal or perfect solutions to the world’s or one’s own problems |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| In the _________stage, children are able to represent object and events mentally with words and images and children acquire symbolic function; in this stage children are ego-centric |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________ is the ability to apply logical thought to abstract, verbal, and hypothetical situations and to problems in the past, present, or future |
|
Definition
| Hypothetico-deductive thinking |
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|
Term
| ______ is a belief of adolescents that they are or will be the focus of attention in social situations and that others will be as critical or approving as they are of themselves |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The __________is a method in which researchers compare groups of participants of different ages to determine age-related differences in some characteristics |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ______ is the understanding that one thing can stand for another; for example in pretend play |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _________is the study of how humans grow, develop, and change throughout the life span |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A_____ study is a type of developmental study in which the same group of participants is followed and measured at different ages, over a period of years |
|
Definition
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Term
| _________ is the child’s belief that everyone sees what the child is seeing, thinks as the child is thinking, and feels as the child is feeling. |
|
Definition
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Term
| In ____stage, children develop new schemes that allow them to understand conservation and reversibility |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _______ is the mental process of modifying existing schemes and creating new ones to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, and information |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _______is the fact that when only the appearance of a substance has been changed, it can be mentally returned to its original state |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _______are cognitive structures or concepts used to identify and interpret objects, events, experiences, and information. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The ________stage is characterized by the ability to apply logical thinking to abstract problems and hypothetical situations |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _________is the mental process by which new objects, events, experiences, or information are incorporated into existing schemes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _________is the realization that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight |
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Definition
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Term
| Parents with a______ parenting style are parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior (often physically), and value obedience to authority |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Children with a___________attachment style may show contradictory and disoriented responses upon the mother’s return. They may look away or approach the mother with a depressed and expressionless demeanor |
|
Definition
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Term
| Children with a_____attachment style show distress on separation from mother and happiness when mother returns |
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Definition
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Term
| Parents with a_______ parenting style are parents who set high but realistic standards, reason with the child, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________is each infant’s own genetically determined, biological pattern of development |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In a _____attachment style, infants may cling to mother before she leaves and show anger when mother returns |
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Definition
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Term
| __________is a fear of strangers common in infants at about 6 months |
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Definition
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Term
| _____is the influence of heredity on development |
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Definition
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Term
| _____is the influence of environment on development |
|
Definition
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Term
| Parents with a_________parenting style are parents who are warm but make few rules or demands and usually do not enforce those that are made |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In an_______ attachment style, infants do not show distress when mother leaves and are indifferent when mother returns |
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Definition
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|
Term
| _______ is the fear and distress shown by toddlers when their parent leaves |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _______is the strong affectionate bond a child forms with the mother or primary caregiver |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A __________ is a marked fear of a specific object or situation; this is a general label for any phobia other than agoraphobia and social phobia. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________ include questions such as: Is the behavior considered strange in the person’s own culture? Does the behavior cause personal distress? Is the behavior maladaptive? Is the person a danger to self or others? Is the person legally responsible for his or her own acts? |
|
Definition
| How mental disorders are defined |
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|
Term
| _______ disorder is an anxiety disorder in which a person experiences panic attacks which are attacks of overwhelming anxiety, fear, or terror |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ___________ disorders are disorders in which, under stress, one loses the integration of consciousness, identity, and memories of important personal events |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A ______is a persistent, irrational fear of some specific object, situation, or activity that poses no real danger |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________ disorders involve physical symptoms that are due to psychological causes rather than any known medical condition |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The _______symptoms of schizophrenia: are the abnormal behaviors that are present in people with schizophrenia; includes hallucination, delusions, bizarre movements, disordered thinking |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The ________is the set of criteria to classify and diagnose psychological disorders can be found in this manual published by the American Psychiatric Association |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _______is a complete or partial loss of the ability to recall personal information or identify past experiences that cannot be attributed to ordinary forgetfulness or substance |
|
Definition
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Term
| _____ disorders are disorders in which vague, fearful thoughts about what might happen in the future (a state of mind referred to as anxiety by psychologists) become so frequent that they interfere with a person’s social and occupational functioning |
|
Definition
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Term
| ______ disorder is a disorder in which a person suffers a loss of motor or sensory functioning in some part of the body; the loss has no physical cause, but solves some psychological problem |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| _____disorder is an anxiety disorder in which a person suffers from obsessions and/or compulsions |
|
Definition
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Term
| _____ are sensory perceptions in the absence of any external sensory stimulus; an imaginary sensation. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| A____is a false belief that some person or agency is trying to harass, cheat, spy on, conspire against, injure, kill or in some other way harm them |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The ________symptoms of schizophrenia include loss of or deficiency in thoughts and behaviors that are characteristic of normal functioning; includes lack of emotion, lack of speech, slowed movements, poor hygiene, social withdrawal, apathy |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________schizophrenia is the most serious type of schizophrenia, marked by extreme social withdrawal, hallucinations, delusions, silliness, inappropriate laughter, grimaces, grotesque mannerisms, and other bizarre behaviors |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| __________disorder is a mood disorder marked by symptoms such as feelings of great sadness, despair, guilt, worthlessness, hopelessness and a loss of ability to experience pleasure |
|
Definition
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Term
| _________ disorder involves people who are plagued by chronic, excessive worry for 6 months or more |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The symptoms of ________ include depression and mania; Manic episode: episodes marked by excessive euphoria, inflated self-esteem, wild optimism, and hyperactivity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________is a severe psychological disorder characterized by loss of contact with reality (a condition referred to as psychosis), hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate or flat affect, some disturbance in thinking, social withdrawal, and/or other bizarre behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An __________is a persistent, involuntary thought, image, or impulse that invades consciousness and causes great distress |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ______is a dissociative disorder in which one has a complete loss of memory of one’s entire identity, travels away from home, and may assume a new identity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ disorder is a dissociative disorder in which two or more distinct personalities exist in the same individual, and there is severe memory disruption concerning personal information about the other personalities |
|
Definition
| Dissociative identity disorder |
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|
Term
| _______ are false beliefs, not generally shared by others in the culture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is an intense fear of being in a situation from which immediate escape is not possible or in which help would not be immediately available in case of incapacitating anxiety |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| ________ is an irrational fear and avoidance of social situations in which one might embarrass or humiliate oneself by appearing clumsy, foolish, or incompetent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____schizophrenia is a type of schizophrenia characterized by complete stillness or stupor and/or periods of great agitation and excitement; patients may assume an unusual posture and remain in it for hours without moving |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A __________is a persistent, irresistible, irrational urge to perform an act or ritual repeatedly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________schizophrenia is the general term used when schizophrenic symptoms either do not conform to the criteria of any one type of schizophrenia or conform to more than one type |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ is a somatoform disorder in which persons are overly concerned about and fear that their bodily symptoms are a sign of some serious disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ____________is a false belief that one is a famous person or a person who has some great knowledge, ability, or authority |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______schizophrenia is a type of schizophrenia characterized by delusions of grandeur or persecution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ include these:___________, __________,______,_______,and ________ |
|
Definition
| Perspectives on mental disorders; biological; bipsychosocial; psychodynamic; learning; cognitive |
|
|
Term
| ________ look for the link between specific behaviors and particular biological factors that help explain individual differences |
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Definition
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