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Definition
| Is the action of causing an effect |
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| When one variable causes another variable to change. |
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Definition
| We can see if messing with the independent variable causes a change in the dependent variable. Participants are randomly assigned to control or experimental groups. The IV is manipulated and the DV is measured. If it works, you can say that the IV causes the DV to change. |
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Definition
| Participants already come in groups (not random assignment, like gender or introversion as an IV). This limits your ability to say that changes in IV caused changes in the DV. |
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Term
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Definition
| In many cases, you can't manipulate variables. Use this to find out if there are relationships between two variables. Don't divide people into groups, we just collect data about both. For example, do taller people have bigger cars? Get a height and car size measurement from each person then relate those variables. |
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| When one increases, the other increases. |
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| When one increases, the other decreases. |
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| Participants are put in either controlled or experimental groups without choice. |
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Definition
| Each element has an equal chance of being selected. |
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| Statistically Significant |
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Definition
| Representative samples beat biased samples, less variability beats more variability, more cases are better than few, and usually means that the observed difference is probably not due to chance (less than 5%). |
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Definition
| Takes information from the brain/spinal cord and directs it back to the body. |
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Definition
| Gather information from the body, and directs it towards the brain/spinal cord. |
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| Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate with each other and with the motor and sensory neurons. |
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Definition
| A supportive cell in the nervous system. |
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord. |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| Sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is part of the PNS. It enables voluntary controls of muscles. |
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Definition
| Is also part of PNS. It controls glands and muscles of internal organs. It functions on it's own (non-consciously), but can be consciously overridden. |
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Definition
| It arouses and expends energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes hormones, which travel through the bloodstream to the brain and other tissues. They travel slower than neurotransmitters to the brain, but many of them act on the brain in the same way (chemically identical to neurotransmitters). |
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Definition
| Brain region controlling the pituitary glands. |
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Definition
| Secretes many different hormones, some of which affect other glands. |
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Definition
| Affects metabolism, among other things. |
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Definition
| Help regulate the level of calcium in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| "fight or flight" response. |
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Definition
| Regulates the level of sugar in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secretes male sex hormones. |
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Definition
| Secretes female sex hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| "our awareness of ourselves and our environment." |
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Term
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Definition
| Our minds work in two ways. |
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Definition
| We intuitively make use of information we are not consciously aware of. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes only a small part of all that we experience- NOT THE SAME AS MULTI TASKING. |
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Definition
| We only consciously process a fraction of all the bits of information we can perceive at any moment. (cocktail party effect), inattentional blindness, failing to perceive visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dual processing. Multi tasking, like doing two things at once and switching between both tasks. |
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Term
| Consequences of Sleep Deprivation |
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Definition
| Suppressed immune system, increased irritability, poorer emotional regulation, worse decision making, memory, and reaction time, cardiac problems, overeating, weight gain, obesity, poor concentration, increased risk of accidents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continued use of a psychoactive drug. It takes greater quantities to get the desired effect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects. |
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Term
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Definition
| A craving for a chemical substance. They quickly corrupt, can't be overcome voluntarily, and no different than repetitive pleasure-seeking behaviors. |
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Term
| Affect of Alcohol On a Person's Functioning |
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Definition
| Alcohol is a depressant, which reduces neural activity and shows body functions. It affects motor skills, judgement and memory. Increases aggressiveness while reducing self-awareness. |
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Term
| What percent of genes to humans share with other humans? |
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Definition
| Humans share 99% of their genes. |
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Term
| What percent of genes to humans share with chimpanzees? |
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Definition
| Humans share roughly 96% of their genes with chimpanzees. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compare identical twins (100% of same genes) raised together vs. Fraternal Twins (about 50% of same genes) raised together. OR identical twins raised together vs. identical twins raised apart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Compare adopted kids to bio parents (genes) and to adoptive parents (environment). |
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Term
| What are identical twins more similar with one another than fraternal twins? |
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Definition
| neuroticism and extroversion; suspectibility to diseases (e.g., alzheimer's). |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes. |
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Term
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Definition
Changes when environment changes: they can differ for different samples. They are tied to samples, not individuals.
-When the environment is similar (uniform), heritability estimates increase (because individual differences cannot be due to environmental differences; so they must be due to genes). |
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Term
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Definition
-An indication that there is a gene or set of genes that determines a certain trait.
-A synonym for "inherited" or "percent of a trait that is inherited."
-Applicable to individuals (they apply to specific populations).
-Applicable to different populations or similar populations that differ ini environmental influences.
-Unmodifiable by environmental influences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transparent issue where light enters the eye. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light. |
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Term
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Definition
| Focuses the light rays on the retina. |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains sensory receptors that process visual information and sends it to the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the eyes' lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina. |
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Definition
| Carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain. |
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Definition
| Point where the optic nerve leaves the eye because there are no receptor cells located there. |
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Definition
| Central point in the retina around which the eye's cones cluster. |
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Definition
| In perception, the whole may exceed the sum of its parts. |
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Definition
| Enables us to estimate an object's distance from us. |
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Definition
| Depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Depth cues, such as retinal disparity that depend on the use of two eyes. |
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Definition
| Collects and sends sounds to the ear drum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window. |
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Term
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Definition
| Innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster that the other ear cause us to localize the sound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tells the body that something has gone wrong. Usually results from damage to the skin and other tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| Initial learning (responding when conditioned to respond to a stimulus). |
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Term
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Definition
| Un-learning (quit responding when conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with unconditioned stimulus: as in, he just keeps ringing the bell, but there's no food now). |
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Term
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Definition
| Reappearance of a weaker conditioned response after a pause. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairing response with things similar to the conditioned stimulus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything that is likely to increase the behavior (reward, or removal of punishment) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything that is likely to decrease the behavior (punishment, removal of reward). |
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Term
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Definition
| Meaning that the actions are voluntary, and tend to increase or decrease depending on the consequences (I choose to come to class because it is such a rewarding experience...) |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving something good (cookie). |
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Term
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Definition
| Take away something bad (stop whining;stop a headache). |
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Term
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Definition
| Giving something bad (hitting, spanking, whining, yelling). |
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Term
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Definition
| Take away something good (no video games;no tv;grounding). |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning that persists overtime. |
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Term
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Definition
| The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. |
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Term
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Definition
| A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Unconscious encoding of identical information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memories are held in storage by a web of associations. These associations are like anchors that help retrieve memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| To retrieve a specific memory from the web of associations, you must first activate one of the stands that leads to it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |
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Term
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Definition
| Repeatedly imagining non-existent events can create false memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution). |
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Term
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Definition
| Patterns of thoughts, feelings, or actions that are deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is defined by what is normal; what is normal depends on the context. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is the person concerned about his/her behavior (including thoughts, feelings, actions)? |
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Term
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Definition
| Does it interfere with work? Leisure? Is it messing up your life? |
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Term
| Advantages of Diagnosing Psychological Disorders |
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Definition
-Clinicians and family members know what to expect.
-Labels facilitate communication (provide a common language).
-Aids with insurance reimbursement (reduces fraud???) |
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Term
| Disadvantages od Diagnosing Psychological Disorders. |
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Definition
-Preconceptions and stereotypes can bias perception (we see what we expect to see).
-We tend to treat people differently once they are labeled.
-Self-fulfilling prophecies??? |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternating between depression and mania. Mania is characterized by impulsivity, little need for sleep, high energy, over activity, elation (or irritability). Tendnency to take risks and make poor decisions. |
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Term
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Definition
-Literally means "split mind"
-split from reality
-NOT multiple personalities.
-difficulty integrating thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
-Characterized by:
-Disorganized thinking (e.g., Delusions)
-Disturbed Perceptions (e.g., Hallucinations)
-Inappropriate Emotions (e.g., Flat Affect)
-Odd Behavior (e.g., Catatonia) |
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