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| scarcity of resources so severe that it is life threatening |
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money to invest in factories, real estate, and other businesses.
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| group of people who share a roughly similar economic position and lifestyle |
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| ability to move from one social class to another |
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| prejudice or discrimination based on social calss |
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| use of military, political, and econoic power by one sociey to dominate the people of another society, usually for economic benefit |
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lavish spending done to compete for status with others
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| various types of knowledge, skills, and other cultural resources |
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process by which investment in the nation's manufacturing capacity decreased
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| theory that attributs global inequality to the exploitation of weaker, poor nations by wealthy, more powerful ones |
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| idea that all people should have the same chance ot achieve success |
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| a trend in which women made up an increasingly large share of the poor |
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| the differences in wealth and power among the countries of the world |
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| money received form sources such as wages, interest on savings, and dividends from stocks and bonds |
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| change in a person's class position that occurs wihtout any change in the larger class structure |
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| a system of beliefs that highlights theimportance of the single peson over any social group |
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| likelihood a person has of obtaining valued |
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| notion that people are rewarded and are able to advance becasue of their abilities |
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| attributes global inequality to cultural diffences between countries |
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| system of econimic domination of poorer nations by welthier ones without the use of formal political control or military occupation |
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| tax policy in which those with higher incomes pay a higher rate |
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| either tax credits or acual payments and benefits provided to citizens by the gov't |
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| taxes that disproportionately affect those with lower incomes |
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| situation that exists when people do not have the basic resources to maintain a standard of living considered acceptable in their society |
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| relationships that are potentially economically valuable resulting form membership in a group |
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| change in position that occurs when a shift in available occupations changes th class system as a whole |
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| financial assets, such as savings, real estate, and stocks |
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| an approach that focuses on the interdependence among the countries that make up a single global economic system |
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| those who survive on the wages they earn (working class) |
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| variety of policies and programs that aim to avoid discrimination and redress past discrimination throuh the active recruitment of qualified minorities for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities |
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| process by which a majority and a minority group blend or mix to form a new group |
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| process by which members of a minority group come to adopt the culture of the majority group |
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| a form of bias in which the promotion of race neutrality helps to maintain existing racial and ethnic inequality |
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| shared cultural heritage often derived form a common ancestry and homeland |
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| a situation in which distinct ethnic and racial groups coexist on equal terms and have equal social standing |
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| category of people widely percieved as sharing socially significant physical characteristics such as skin color |
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| idea that supposedly natural and immutable differences separate the races |
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| racialization of the state |
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| implementation of gov't and private-sector policies that discriminated against minorities and provided Whites with numerous advantages |
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| individual or group of people falsely blamed for a negative situation |
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| philosophy that advocates social, political and economic equality for women and men |
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| keeping distinct social groups physically and socially separate and unequal |
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| split labor market theory |
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| theory that ethnic and racial conflicts often emerge when two racial or ethnic groups compete for the same jobs |
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| immigrants who retain strong personal, cultural, and economic ties to both their country of birth and their newly adopted home. |
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| people who experience no sexual attraction for anyone |
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creating gender through interactions in particular social settings
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| trend toward increasing similarity in how women and menlive |
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| the way a person communicates gender identity to others, through behavior, clothing, hairstyle, and other means |
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| person's identification as a woman, a man, or some combination of the two |
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| set of social expectations regarding behavior and attitudes based on a person's sex |
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| systematic and unequal distribution of power and resources in society between woman and men |
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| often invisible barrier created by individual and institutional sexism that prevents qualified women from advancing to higher levels of leadership and management |
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| attitudes and behavior that indicate an assumption that everyone is heterosexual |
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| norm restricting sexual relations between certain relatives |
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| social system dominated by women |
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| social system dominated by men |
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| phenomenon of employed women still having primary responsiblity for housework and children |
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| set of common beliefs andritual practices that bing people in a predominantly secular society |
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| social relationship that can create family ties and typically involces sexual intimacy, in which people live together as unmarried partners |
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| legal restrictions or customs that limit marriage to people within the same social category |
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| encourages people to follow the "golden rule" |
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| marriage between people from different social categories |
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| nuclear family plus other relatives who commonly live together |
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| religious movement that advocates srict adherence to traditional principles in all aspects of social life, usually based on literal interpretation of a religion's infallible sacred texts |
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| from of Christian belief dedicated to combating poverty and other forms of social injustice |
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| practice of restricting sexual relations to one partner |
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| marriage system in which an individual is allowed multiple spouses |
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| ordinary world of everyday life |
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| small dissenting faction of a church that promotes new beliefs or practices |
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| belief system that emphasizes morality and deciion making based on reason, ethics, and social justice rather than religious doctorine or the supernatural |
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| decline in the social significance of religious beliefs, practices, and institutions |
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| argument that, in the face of modernity, the social significance of religion has declined |
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| a belief in the existance of a god or gods |
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| instruction in both a student's first language and english |
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| public schools run by an organization that is independent from local school districts |
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| negotiations between union representatives and an employer on questions of pay, bebefits, and working conditions |
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| a commitment to setting salaries for different job titles based on their value to an employer, regardless of the typical gender of those working in such jobs |
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| process whereby those with advanced educational degrees and formal certificates monoplize access to the most rewarding jobs |
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| forms of knowledge, taste, preferences, and styles that high-status groups use to signal their status and to exclude others from their social circles |
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| jobs that require employees to manage their feelings and to display specific feelings to their customers or clients |
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differences between men and women in access to jobs
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| lessons students learn simply by attending school, in contrast to the lessons from the formal subject-specific curriculum |
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| the role of schools in teaching children the central values and beliefs of their society |
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| various policies that give families options for deciding which school their children will attend |
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| (aka taylorism) the effort by trained managers to stydy workflow and develop precise procedures that govern the completion of work tasks |
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| a distinctive set of norms and rules that shape daily behavior and interaction on the job |
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| social reproduction theory |
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| explores the ways that schools help to reproduce systems of inequality |
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| process by which people come to occupy a certain level in a social hierarchy |
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| placing students into different curricular paths inteded to accommodate varying levels of academic work |
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| make choices about how they use the media and actively intepret media content |
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| the media may not be able to tell people what to think but can significantly influence what people think about |
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| separation and isolation of workers as a result of the structure of capitalist society |
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| advertising sent to online users based on their earlier internet activities |
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| process of transforming all things into a product to be bought and sold |
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| consumer's failure to recognize the labor tthat created the vale in the commodities they use |
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| emphasis on shopping and the possesion of meterial goods as the route to personal happiness |
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| the merging of different media forms |
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| argues that, by repeated long term exposure to the media's portrayal of the world (especially on tv), people come to accept many of these depictions as reality |
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| tendency of media corporations from wealthier nations--especially the US--to export so many of their media products that they come to ominate the local cultures of other, especially poorer, nations |
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| the gap between those who have the knowledge and resources needed to use digital info tech, especially computers and the internet, and those who do not |
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| company produces two completely different products and sells them to two completely different groups of buyers |
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| what occurs when a media company owns different forms of media |
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| condition in which media depictions of the world replace the experience of the "real" world |
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| what occurs when more media outlets come to be owned by a diminishing number of media corporations |
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| intentional design and manufacture of consumer goods so as to ensure a loss of utility in a relatively short period of time |
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| the integration into media content of a product that is being advertised |
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| creation of covert advertising in everyday real-life situations |
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| content that is created by ordinary media users, rather than by media organizaitons and that is available to a potentially large audience |
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what occurs when a media company owns the different stages of production and distribution of a single media form
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| the physical surroundings that humans create, including thebuildings, roads, dams, homes, and consumer products we use every day |
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| a field that typically looks at groups of people who share some common tie and engage in social interaction within a particular geographic area |
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| social organization in which most relationships are based on the long-term personal ties of collective kinship, common tradition, and shared values |
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| the process of rehabilitating older houseing stock and investing in neighborhood development in a way that typically attracts new, higher-income residents |
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| social organization in which most social relationships are impersonal, temporary, and based primarily on the pursuit of individual rational self-interest |
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| a label for cities that highlights how poerful busisnesses and politicians work together to promote urban development, often while ignoring the interests of ordinary citizens |
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| persistant patterns of inequality in health |
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| the study of the links between the physical environent--natural and built--and social life |
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| the land, water, air, vegetation, and organisms that make up the physical world |
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| an approach to studying cities that focuses on the interactions of politics and economics and locates the in the larger context of the global economy |
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| legitimate power to define the terms of discussion within a specific field |
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| use of discriminatory practices in the sale or rental of housing to minorities |
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| cultural context and patterns of relationships within which humans live |
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| low-density development that dsperses people over a wide area, separates homes from workplaces and stores, and depends heavily on cars for transportation |
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| balance between resource protction and consumption that can be maintained indefinitely |
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| a term that refers to the way capital-intensive industries and the modern state, in pursuit of continual growth as a central good, have led to increasing resource depletion and worsening pollution |
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| gov't that typically features self appointed leaders wwho exert great control over the lives of citizens, which includes severely limiting their civil liberties |
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| suggests that political power is concentrated in the hands of the rich, who own or control a large share of the nation's economic resources |
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| suggest capitalist and socialist economies are becoming increasingly similar |
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| economies that combine elements of both market-based capitalism with the significant governtment intervention associated with socialism |
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| a system of gov't headed by a single person, the monarch, who typically inheris the position as a member of a ruling family |
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| argues that political power is fragmented with the most votes wins the office being contested |
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| inculcation of basic norms and expectations about political life and attitudes toward involvement in politics |
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