Term
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Definition
| the idea that everything that happens has a cause or determinant that one could observe or measure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the philosophical question of how experience relates to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the mind is separate from the brain but somehow controls the brain and therefore the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that conscious experience is inseparable from the physical brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the differences between heredity and enviornmental influences |
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Term
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Definition
| have an advanced degree in psychology, with a specialty in understanding and helping people with psychological problems |
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Term
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Definition
| branch of medicine that deals with emotional disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
| therapy providers who rely heavily on the theories and methods of Sigmund Freud |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to a clinical psychologist but with different training |
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Term
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Definition
| help people with educational, vocational, marriage, health related, and other decisions |
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Term
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Definition
| provide advice and consultation to police, lawyers, and courts |
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Term
| industrial/orginizational psychology |
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Definition
| psychological study of people at work |
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Term
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Definition
| attempts to facilitate the operation of machinery so that ordinary people can use it efficiently and safely |
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Term
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Definition
| specialists in the psychological condition of students |
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Term
| developmental psychologists |
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Definition
| study how behavior changes with age ("womb to tomb") |
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Term
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Definition
| studies how behavior depends on the outcomes of past behaviors and current motivations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| explains behavior in terms of biological factors |
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Term
| evolutionary psychologist |
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Definition
| tries to explain behavior in terms of the evolutionary history of species |
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Term
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Definition
| study how an individual influences other people and how the group influences the individual |
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Term
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Definition
| set up the first psychology lab |
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Term
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Definition
| studied under Wilhelm Wundt; founder of structuralism |
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Term
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Definition
| Principles of Psychology; founder of functionalism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind |
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Term
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Definition
| learn how people produce useful behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| concentrates on observable, measurable behaviors and not on mental processes |
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Term
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Definition
| something that is stated in such clear terms that we can see waht evidence would count against it |
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Term
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Definition
| the obligation to present evidence to support ones claims |
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Term
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Definition
| results that anyone else can obtain by using the same precedures |
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Term
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Definition
| combines the results of many studies and analyzes them as though they were all one very large study |
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Term
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Definition
| a definition that specifies the operations used to produce or measure something, ordinarily a way to give it a numerical value |
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Term
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Definition
| a group chosen because of its ease of study |
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Term
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Definition
| closely resembles the population in its percentage of characteristics that could affect the result |
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Term
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Definition
| every individual in the sample has an equal chance of being selected |
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Term
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Definition
| people from different cultures in a sample |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of an experimenter to distort or misperceive the results of an experiment based on the expected outcome |
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Term
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Definition
| an observer who records data without knowing the researcher's predictions |
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Term
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Definition
| a solution (normally a pill) that is given to a group of the sample where the sample expects changed results from the pill when it really has no pharmacological effects |
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Term
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Definition
| either the observer or the participants are unaware of which participants recieved which treatment |
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Term
|
Definition
| both the observer and the participants are unaware of which group received the treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| cues that tell participants what is expected of them and what the experimenter hopes to find |
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Term
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Definition
| a careful examination of what happens under more or less natural conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a thorough description of the person, including abilities and disabilities, medical condition, life history, unusual experiences, and whatever else seems relevant |
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Term
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Definition
| a study of the prevalence of certain beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors based on people's responses to questions |
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Term
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Definition
| measure of the relationship between two variables |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure in which investigators measure the correlation between 2 variables, without controlling either of them |
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Term
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Definition
| a mathematical estimate of the relationship between two variables (from -1 to +1) |
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Term
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Definition
| an apparent relationship based on casual observations of unrelated or weakly related events |
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Term
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Definition
| a study in which the investigators manipulate at least one variable while measuring at least one other variable |
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Term
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Definition
| the item that the experimenter changes or controls |
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Term
|
Definition
| the item that an experimenter measures to determine how it was affected |
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Term
|
Definition
| receives the treatment that an experiment is designed to test |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of individuals treated in the same way as the experimental group except for the procedure that the experiment is designed to test |
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Term
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Definition
| the experimenter uses a chance procedure to make sure that every participant has the same probability as any other participant of being assigned to a given group |
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Term
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Definition
| statements about a large population based on an inference from a small sample |
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Term
| physiological explanation |
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Definition
| describes the mechanisms that produce a behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| relates behavior to the evolutionary history of the species |
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Term
| developmental explanation |
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Definition
| deals with changes over age |
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Term
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Definition
| seperate cells in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| support the neuron by insulating them, synchonizing activity among neighboring neurons, removing waste products |
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Term
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Definition
| widely branching structures that receive input from other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| single, long thing, straight fiber with branches near its tip |
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Term
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Definition
| insulating sheath that speeds upp the transmission of impulses along an axon |
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Term
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Definition
| an excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength |
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Term
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Definition
| an electrical polarization accross the membrane of an axon |
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Term
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Definition
| the specialized junction between one neuron and another, a neuron releases a chemical that either excites or inhibits the next neuron |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ends of the axon branches that have little bulges |
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Term
|
Definition
| a chemical that activates receptors on other neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the neuron on the receiving end of the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| the brains main excitatory transmitter, present at most synapeses |
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Term
| GABA (gamma amino butryic acid) |
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Definition
| the brains main inhibitory transmitter |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| ones path is important for movement. Another path is important for memory and cognition |
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Term
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Definition
| modifies many types of motivated and emotional behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| enchances storage of memory of emotional or otherwise meaningful events |
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Term
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Definition
| increases arousal and alertness |
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Term
|
Definition
| dilates blood vessels in the most active brain areas |
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Term
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Definition
| sent by the postsynaptic neuron back to the presynaptic neuron to decrease further release of transmitters |
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Term
|
Definition
drugs that increase energy, alertness, and activity
Amphetamine, cocaine, Methylphenidate (Ritalin), Caffeine, Nicotine |
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Term
|
Definition
drugs that decrease arousal
Alcohol, Benzodiazepines |
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Term
| anxiolytic drugs/ tranquilizers |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
drugs that produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreased responsiveness
Morphine, Heroin, Opiats |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that bind to the opiate receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
drugs that induce sensory distortions
LSD, MDMA (ecstasy), Rohypnol, PCP |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
| consists of bundles of nerves between the spinal cord and the rest of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| connects to the skin and muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| connects to the heart, stomach, and other organs |
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Term
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Definition
| outer covering of the forebrain |
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Term
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Definition
| at the rear of the head, specialized for vision |
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Term
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Definition
| located on the left and right sides of head, main area for hearing and some aspects of vision |
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Term
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Definition
| subcortical structure deep within the temporal lobe, strongly responds to emotional situations |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized for the body sense |
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Term
| primary somatosensory cortex |
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Definition
| a strip in the anterior portion of the parietal lobe, has cells sensitive to touch in different body areas |
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Term
| frontal lobe (includes primary motor cortex) |
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Definition
| important for planned control of fine movements |
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Term
|
Definition
| contributes to certain aspects of memory and planning of movements |
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Term
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Definition
| active when you make a movement and when you watch one else make a similar movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| important for hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, and other motivated behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| control the muscles of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| control the muscles of the head |
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Term
|
Definition
| controls the muscles from the neck down |
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Term
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Definition
| a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| control the muscles of the head |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the hindbrain, important for any behavior that requires aim or timing |
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Term
| 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| controlled by a chain of cells lying just outside the spinal cord, increases heart rate, breathing rate, sweating and other processes for "fight or flight" |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
|
Definition
| controlled by cells at the top and bottom levels of spinal cord, decreases heart rate, increases digestive activities, promotes activities of the body that take place during rest |
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of glands that produce hormones and release them into the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| a set of glands that produce hormones and release them into the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| chemicals released by glands and conveyed via the blood to alter activity in various organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| changes as a result of experience |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the question of how separate brain areas combine forces to produce a unified perception of a single object |
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Term
|
Definition
| energies from the world around us that effect us in some way |
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Term
|
Definition
| energies from the world around us that effect us in some way |
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Term
|
Definition
| specialized cells that convert enviornemntal energies into signals for the nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| the continuum of all the frequencies of radiated energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| adjustable opening in the eye |
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Term
|
Definition
| colored structure on the surface of the eye surrounding the pupil |
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Term
|
Definition
| flexibile structure that can vary in thickness |
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Term
|
Definition
| layer of visual receptors covering the back surface of the eyeball |
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Term
|
Definition
| central area of human retina |
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Term
|
Definition
| impaired ability to focus on nearby objects because of decreased flexibility of the lens |
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Term
|
Definition
| nearsightedness- impaired ability to focus on distant objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| farsightedness- impaired ability to focus on close objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| condition characterized by increased pressure within the eyeball, which can sometimes impair vision |
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Term
|
Definition
| a disorder in which the lens becomes cloudy |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| adapted for vision in dim light |
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Term
|
Definition
| neurons that receive their input from the bipolar cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| retinal area where the optic nerve exists |
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Term
| trichromatic theory (Young-Hemholtz theory) |
|
Definition
| our receptors respond to three primary colors |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| we perceive color in terms of paired opposites |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| experiences of one color after the removal of another |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency of an object to appear nearly the same color under a variety of lighting conditions |
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Term
|
Definition
| we perceive color when the cerebral cortex compares various retinal patterns |
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Term
| Red green color deficiency |
|
Definition
| people have only two kinds of cones, the short wavelength cone and either the long or the medium wavelength |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid filled canals of the snail shaped organ that contains receptors for hearing |
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Term
|
Definition
| when bones connected to the eardrum fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochila |
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Term
|
Definition
| damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or the auditory nerve |
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Term
|
Definition
| at low frequencies a sound wave through the fluid of the cochlea vibrates all the hair cells which produce action potential in synchrony with the sound waves |
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Term
|
Definition
| sound wave excites at least a few hair cells and volleys of them respond to each vibration by producing an action potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| the highest frequency sounds vibrate hair cells near the stirrup end and lower frequency sounds vibrate hair cells at points farther along the membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| detects the tilt of the head, accelearation of the head and orientation of the head with respect to gravity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the idea that pain messages must pass through a gate, presumably in the spinal cord, that can block the messages |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which a stimulus of one type also elicts another experience |
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Term
|
Definition
| the study of people's tendencies to make hits, correct rejections, misses and false alarms |
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Term
|
Definition
| the idea that stimuli sometimes influence our behavior even when they are presented so faintly or briefly that we do not perceive them consciously |
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Term
|
Definition
| a field that focuses on our ability to perceive overall patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny elements combine to produce larger items |
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Term
|
Definition
| you apply your experience and expectations to interpret what each item must be in context |
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Term
|
Definition
| you distinguish the objects from the background |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to a group |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to perceive objects that resemble each other as a group |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to perceive objects that resemble each other as a group |
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Term
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Definition
| strands of hereditary material |
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Term
|
Definition
| control the chemical reactions that direct development |
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Term
|
Definition
| a single copy of the gene is sufficient to produce its effect |
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Term
|
Definition
| its effects appear only if the dominant gene is absent |
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Term
|
Definition
| determine whether an individual develops as a male or a female |
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Term
|
Definition
| occurs equally in both sexes but exerts its effects mainly or entirely in one or the other |
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Term
|
Definition
| estimate of the variance within a population that is due to heredity |
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Term
|
Definition
| a small initial advantage in some behavior, possibly genetic in orgin, alters the environment and magnifies that advantage |
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Term
|
Definition
| developed from a single fertilized egg (identical genes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| develop from two eggs and share only half their genes (fraternal) |
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Term
|
Definition
| an instance in which the effect of one variable depends on some other variable |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to be active or inactive outgoing or reserved and to respond vigorously or quietly to stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| an inherited condition that can lead to mental retardation |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| about eight weeks after conception |
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Term
|
Definition
| a condition marked by stunted growth of the body due to consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy |
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Term
|
Definition
| decreased response to a repeated stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| when a change in a stimulus increases a previously habituated response |
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Term
|
Definition
| several groups of subjects of various ages studied at one time |
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Term
|
Definition
| one group of subjects studied repeatedly as the members grow older |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency for certain kinds of people to drop out of a study |
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Term
|
Definition
| researchers start with groups of people of different ages, studied at the same time and then study them again at one or more later times |
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Term
|
Definition
| group of people born at a particular time or a group of people who enter an organization at a particular time |
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Term
|
Definition
| an organized way of interacting with objects |
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Term
|
Definition
| applying an old schema to new objects or problems |
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Term
|
Definition
| modifying an old schema to fit a new object |
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Term
|
Definition
| establishment of harmony or balance between the two |
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Term
|
Definition
| first 2 years, behavior is mostly simple motor responses to sensory stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| 2 to 7 years, child lacks operations which are reversible mental processes |
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Term
| concrete operations stage |
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Definition
| 7 to 11 years, understands conservation of mass number and volume and can reason logically |
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Term
|
Definition
| 11 years onward, can reason logically about abstract and hypothetical concepts, plans in advance |
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Term
|
Definition
| a child sees the world as centered around himself or herself and cannot easily take another persons perspective |
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Term
|
Definition
| an understand that other people ahve a mind too and that each person knows some things that other people dont |
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Term
|
Definition
| understand that objects conserve such properties as number, length, volume, area, and mass after changes in the shape or arrangement of the object |
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Term
| stage of concrete operations |
|
Definition
| children perform mental operations on concrete objects but still have trouble with abstract or hypothetical ideas |
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Term
| stage of formal operations |
|
Definition
| adolescents develop the mental processes that deal with abstract, hypothetical situations |
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Term
| zone of proximal development |
|
Definition
| the distance between what a child can do alone and what the child can do with help |
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Term
|
Definition
| divided the human life span into eight periods known as the stages of human development |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mother and her infant come into a room with many toys then a stranger enters. The mother leaves and then returns and then both the stranger and the mother leave; the stranger returns and finally the mother |
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Term
|
Definition
| adolescents concern with decisions about the future and the quest for self understanding |
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Term
|
Definition
| those who have not yet given any serious thought to making any decisions and who have no clear sense of identity |
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Term
|
Definition
| those who are considering the issues but not yet making decisions |
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Term
|
Definition
| those who are in a state of reaching firm decisions without much thought |
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Term
|
Definition
| those who have explored various possible identities and then make ones own decisions |
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Term
|
Definition
| parents that set high standards and impose controls but are also warm and responsive to the child |
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Term
|
Definition
| parents who set firm controls but tend to be emotionally distant from the child |
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Term
|
Definition
| parents who are warm and loving but undemanding |
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|
Term
| indifferent or uninvolved parents |
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Definition
| parents that spend little time with their children and do little more than provide them with food and shelter |
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Term
|
Definition
| insist that psychologists should study only observable, measurable behaviors not mental processes |
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Term
|
Definition
| between a stimulus such as food and a response such as secreting digestive juices |
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Term
|
Definition
| process by which an organism learns new association between two stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
| an event that automatically elicits an unconditioned response |
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Term
|
Definition
| an action that the unconditioned stimulus elicits |
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Term
|
Definition
| response to it depends on the preceding conditions |
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Term
|
Definition
| whatever response the conditioned stimulus begins to elict as a result of the conditioning procedure |
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Term
|
Definition
| to extinguish a classically conditioned response, repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process that establishes or strengthens a conditioned response |
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Term
|
Definition
| you respond differently because the two stimuli predict different outcomes |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of increasing the future probability of the most recent response |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of changing behavior by providing a reinforcement after every response |
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Term
|
Definition
| responses of the internal organs |
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Term
|
Definition
| movements of leg muscles, arm muscles, etc |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcing because of their own properties |
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Term
|
Definition
| became reinforcing because of previous experiences |
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Term
|
Definition
| decreases the probability of a response |
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Term
|
Definition
| presentation of an event that strengthens or increases the likelihood of a behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| a kind of reinforcement that increases the frequency of a behavior but has the absence of something (sunscreen to avoid cancer) |
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Term
|
Definition
| punishment by avoiding something good |
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Term
|
Definition
| the omission of the response leads to restoration of the usual privileges |
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Term
|
Definition
| establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcing each one with the opportunity to engage in the next one |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement following completion of a specific number of responses |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement for every response of the correct type |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement for an unpredictable number of responses that varies around a mean value |
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Term
|
Definition
| reinforcement occurs after a variable number of correct responses |
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Term
|
Definition
| provides reinforcement for the first response after a specific time interval |
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|
Term
| variable interval schedule |
|
Definition
| reinforcement is available after a variable amount of time |
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|
Term
| conditioned tase aversion |
|
Definition
| associating food with illness |
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Term
|
Definition
| we learn about many behaviors by observing the behaviors of others |
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Term
|
Definition
| substituting someone elses experience for your own |
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Term
|
Definition
| the belief of being able to perform the task successfully |
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Term
|
Definition
| receive significant hints about the material |
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Term
|
Definition
| chooses the correct item among several options |
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Term
|
Definition
| detects weak memories by comparing the speed of original learning to the speed of relearning |
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Term
|
Definition
| someone who states an answer regards it as a product of memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| an experience influences what you say or do even though you might not be aware of it |
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Term
|
Definition
| reading or hearing a word that increases the chance that you will use it yourself |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| memories we can readily state in words |
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Term
|
Definition
| memory of principles and facts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| memory for specific events |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| grouping items into meaningful sequences or clusters |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| converting a short term memory into a long term one |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a system for working with current information |
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Term
|
Definition
| stores and rehearses speeprimacy effectch information |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to remember well the first items |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to remember the final items |
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Term
| levels of processing principle |
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Definition
| how easily you retrieve a memory depends on the number and types of associations you form |
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Term
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Definition
| reminders that sitmulate your memory |
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Term
| encoding specificity principle |
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Definition
| the associations you form at the time of learning will be the most effective retrieval cues later |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the original learning |
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Term
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Definition
| any memory aid that relies on encoding each item in a special way |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency to mold our recollection of the past to fit how events later turned out |
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Term
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Definition
| old materials increase forgetting the new material |
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Term
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Definition
| new materials increase forgetting the old materials |
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Term
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Definition
| process of moving an unbearably unacceptable memory or impulse from the conscious mind to the unconscious mind |
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Term
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Definition
| memory that one has stored but cannot retrieve |
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Term
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Definition
| the subjective experience of perceiving oneself and one's surroundings |
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Term
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Definition
| the alternation between seeing the pattern in the left retina and the pattern in the right retina |
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Term
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Definition
| a rhythm of activity and inactivity lasting about a day |
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Term
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Definition
| stage of sleep where the sleepers eyes move rapidly back and forth under the eye lids |
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Term
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Definition
| Just fallen asleep, neural activity unsynchronized |
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Term
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Definition
| pulse and breathing slower, start of longer and slower brain waves |
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Term
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Definition
| pulse, breathing, and brain activity slower yet, neural activity more synchronized (first half of the night) |
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Term
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Definition
| pulse, breathing and brain activity slowest, brain waves highly synchronized indicated low overall neuron activity |
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Term
| electroencephalograph EEG |
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Definition
| measures and amplifies tiny electrical changes on the scalp that reflect patterns of brain activity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fail to breathe for a minute or more and then wake up gasping for breathe |
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Term
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Definition
| sudden attacks of extreme sleepiness in the middle of the day |
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Term
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Definition
| causes someone to awaken screaming and sweating with a racing heart rate, sometimes flailing with the arms and pounding the walls |
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Term
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Definition
| the content that appears on the surface |
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Term
| activation synthesis theory of dreams |
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Definition
| input arising from the pons activates the brain during REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| treats dreams as a king of thinking that occurs under special conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of increased suggestibility that occurs in the context of a special hypnotist |
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Term
|
Definition
| sensory experiences not corresponding to reality |
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Term
|
Definition
| a systematic procedure for inducing a calm, relaxed state through the use of special techniques |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others, especially in social situations |
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Term
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Definition
| relates personality to the interplay of conflicting forces within the individual, including unconscious ones |
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Term
|
Definition
| a release of pent up emotional tension |
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Term
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Definition
| method of explaining and dealing with personality, based on the interplay of conscious and unconsciou forces |
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Term
| Fred's theory on personality |
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Definition
| natural impulses are detrimental to society |
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Term
| Hobbes theory on personality |
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Definition
| Humans are selfish, government is required for protection |
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Term
| Rousseau's theory of personality |
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Definition
| humans are good, government is a corrupting influence |
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Term
| Roger's theory on personality |
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Definition
| natural impulses are noble and good |
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Term
|
Definition
| when he develops a sexual interest in his mother and a competitive aggression toward his father |
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Term
|
Definition
| all strong, pleasant excitement arising from body stimulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| psychosexual energy (desire) |
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Term
|
Definition
| continues to be preoccupied with the pleasure area associated with that stage |
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Term
| oral stage of psychosexual development |
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Definition
| birth to 1 1/2 the infant derives intense psychosexual pleasure from stimulation of the mouth, particularly while sucking at the mothers breast |
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Term
| anal stage of psychosexual development |
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Definition
| 1 1/2 children get psychosexual pleasure from the sensations of bowel movements |
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Term
| phallic stage of psychosexual development |
|
Definition
| at about 3 children play with their genitals and become sexually attracted to the opposite sex parent |
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Term
| latent period of psychosexual development |
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Definition
| from 5 to 6 children supress their psychosexual interest |
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Term
| genital stage of psychosexual development |
|
Definition
| starting at puberty, young people take a strong sexual interest in other people |
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Term
|
Definition
| sexual and other illogical drives |
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Term
|
Definition
| rational, decision-making aspect |
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Term
|
Definition
| memory of rules and prohibitions we learned from our parents and others |
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Term
|
Definition
| the ego defends itself against anxieties by relegating unpleasant thoughts and impulses to the unconscious mind |
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Term
| examples of defense mechanisms |
|
Definition
| repression, denial, rationalization, displacement, projection, regression, reaction formation, sublimation, identification |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| refusal to believe information that provokes anxiety |
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Term
|
Definition
| attempt to prove that their actions are rational and justifiable and thus worthy of approval |
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Term
|
Definition
| by diverting a behavior or thought away from its natural target toward a less threatening target |
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Term
|
Definition
| return to a more immature level of functioning |
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Term
|
Definition
| to present themselves as the opposite of what they really are to hide the unpleasant truth either from themselves or others |
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Term
|
Definition
| transformation of sexual or aggressive energies into culturally acceptable behaviors |
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Term
|
Definition
| remained faithful to parts of Freud's thory while modifying other parts |
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Term
| Carl Jung's idea of consciousness |
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Definition
| collective unconscious cumulative experience of preceding generations, conscious mind and person unconscious vary from one person to another; containing images that have always been part of the human experience |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cumulative experience of preceding generations |
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Term
|
Definition
| vague images that have always been part of the human experience |
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|
Term
| Alfred Adler's individual psychology |
|
Definition
| "indivisible psychology" a psychology of the person as a whole rather than parts, emphasized importance of conscious goal directed behavior |
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Term
|
Definition
| deals with consciousness values and abstract beliefs including spiritual experiences and the beliefs that people live and die for |
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Term
| Carl Rogers theory of humanistic psychology |
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Definition
| maintained that people naturally strive toward positive goals without special urging |
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Term
|
Definition
| achievement of ones full potential |
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Term
|
Definition
| an exaggerated feeling of weakness, inadequacy and helplessness |
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Term
|
Definition
| a desire to seek personal excellence and fulfillment |
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|
Term
| unconditional positive regard |
|
Definition
| complete, unqualified acceptance of another person as he or she is |
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Term
|
Definition
| one of the founders of humanistic psychology, introduced the concept of a self actualized personality, a personality associated with high productivity and enjoyment of life |
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Term
| the big five personality traits |
|
Definition
| neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to new experience |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to experience unpleasant emotions frequently |
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to seek stimulation and to enjoy the company of other people |
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Term
|
Definition
| compassionate and trusting |
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Term
|
Definition
| self disciplined and dutiful |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| tendency to accept vague descriptions of our personality |
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Term
|
Definition
| consists of true-false questions intended to measure certain personality dimensions and clinical conditions |
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|
Term
| Maslows theory of personality |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abnormal behavior has three major aspects: biological, psychological, and sociological |
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|
Term
| dissociative identity disorder |
|
Definition
| multiple personality disorder in which someone alternates among distinct personalities |
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Term
|
Definition
| set specific criteria for each psychological diagnosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| a maladaptive inflexible way of dealing with the enviornment and other people |
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|
Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
|
Definition
| lack of affection for others; high probability of harming others without feeling guilty |
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|
Term
| borderline personality disorder |
|
Definition
| lack of stable self image; trouble establising lasting relationships or maintaining lasting decisions |
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|
Term
| histrionic personality disorder |
|
Definition
| excessive emotionality and attention seeking |
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|
Term
| narcissistic personality disorder |
|
Definition
| exaggerated opinion of ones own importance and disregard for others |
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|
Term
| avoidant personality disorder |
|
Definition
| avoidance of social contact; lack of friends |
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|
Term
| dependent personality disorder |
|
Definition
| preference for letting other people making decisions; lack of initiative and self confidence |
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Term
|
Definition
| treatment of psychological disorders by methods that include a personal relationship between a trained therapist and a client |
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Term
|
Definition
| attempt to relate personality to the interplay of conlicting impulses within the individual, including some that the individual does not consciously recognize |
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Term
|
Definition
| the first of the talk therapies, a method based on identifying unconscious thoughts and emotions and bringing them to consciousness to help people understand their thoughts and actions |
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Term
|
Definition
| realase of pent up emotions associated with unconscious thoughts and memories |
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Term
|
Definition
| transfer onto the therapist the behaviors and feelings they originally established toward their father, mother or other important person in their lives |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| begins with clear, well defined behavior goals such as eliminating test anxiety and then attempts to achieve those goals through learning |
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Term
|
Definition
| seeks to improve people's psychological well being by changing their thoughts and beiliefs |
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|
Term
| cognitive behavior therapy |
|
Definition
| set explicit goals for changing people's behavior but they place more emphasis than most behavior therapists do on changing people's interpretation of their situtation |
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Term
|
Definition
| therapist listens to the client with total acceptance and unconditional positive regard |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| guiding assumptions are that most people's problems develop in a family setting and that the best way to deal with them is to improve family relationships and communication |
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Term
|
Definition
| use a combination of methods and approaches |
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Term
|
Definition
| the removal of patients from mental hospitals |
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Term
|
Definition
| a therapist who has reason to believe that a client is dangerous to someone must warn the endangered person or take other steps to prevent harm |
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Term
|
Definition
| to be regarded as in sane, people must be so disordered that they do not understand what they are doing |
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Term
|
Definition
| avoiding a disorder from the start |
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Term
|
Definition
| identifying a disorder in its early stages and relieving it |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| taking steps to keep it from becoming more serious |
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Term
|
Definition
| focus on the needs of large groups rather than those of the indvidual |
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|
Term
| generalized anxiety disorder |
|
Definition
| almost constantly plagued by exaggerated worries |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| frequent periods of anxiety and occasional attacks of panic |
|
|
Term
| agoraphobia/ social phobia |
|
Definition
| severe avoidance of other people and a fear of doing anything in public |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| extreme persistent fear that interferes with normal living |
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|
Term
| systematic desensitization |
|
Definition
| a method of reducing fear by gradually exposing people to the object of their fear |
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|
Term
| obsessive compulsive disorder |
|
Definition
| a disabling condition that includes recurrent time consuming obsession and compulsions. Obsessions: unwanted, persistent thoughts that are unreasonable, typically causing anxiety. Compulsions: reoccurring behaviors, performed exactly the same way each time, difficult to resist, anxiety exists when tried to fight. |
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|
Term
| post traumatic stress disorder |
|
Definition
| severe causes of anxiety, arousal, or irritability, startle very easily, tend to have memory/concentration problems, have a hard time getting back to a “normal” life, flashbacks of traumatic event (in dreams and when completely alert) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, post traumatic stress disorder |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| conversion disorder, hypochondriasis, somatization disorder |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of personal identity or memory without brain damage |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sleep terror disorder, insomnia |
|
|
Term
| impulse control disorders |
|
Definition
| frequently acting on impulses that others would inhibit |
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|
Term
| substance related disorders |
|
Definition
| abuse of alcohol, cocaine opiates or other drugs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| someone who uses a drug to reduce unpleasant withdrawal symptoms |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| strong repetitive desire for something without physical symptoms of withdrawal |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| habitual overuse of alcohol |
|
|
Term
| seasonal affective disorder |
|
Definition
| people repeatedly become depressed during a particular season of the year |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| manic-depressive disorder in which someone alternates between periods of depression and periods of mania, which are opposite extremes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to think about their depressing experiences, talk about their feelings, and often cry |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| improvement without treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focuses on improving people's social relationships and helping them cope with current or recent problems such as death of a loved one, divorce, or unemployment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| someone must exhibit a deterioration of daily activities, including work, social relations, and self care. He or she must also exhibit at least two of the following: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, or a loss of normal emotional responses and social behaviors |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that are notable by their presence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviors notable for their absence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prominent movement disorder, including either rigid inactivity or excessive activity |
|
|
Term
| disorganized schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| incoherent speech, absence of social relationships, and silly/odd behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elaborate hallucinations and delusions especially delusions of persecution and delusions of grandeur |
|
|
Term
| undifferentiated schizophrenia |
|
Definition
| basic symptoms- deterioration o daily functioning plus some combination of hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate emotions, thought disorders and so forth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people who have had an episode of schizophrenia and who are partly recovered |
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