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Final Exam
study guide
80
English
Undergraduate 1
12/03/2012

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Term
Hyperbole
Definition
a figure of speech involving a deliberate exaggeration (i.e. Look out! That puddle’s the size of Lake Erie.)
Term
non sequitor
Definition
(Latin for it does not follow) a statement that does not follow logically from what has preceded it (i.e. Alphie is good-looking; therefore, he will be happy.)
Term
unity
Definition
the cohesive quality of ideas
Term
begging the question
Definition
a type of fallacy that attempts to prove a claim by using an alternative wording of the claim itself (i.e. We should vote for the school levy because it is the best thing to do…also called circular reasoning)
Term
coherence
Definition
the flow and connection of ideas within the text of an argument
Term
facts
Definition
agreed-on bits of knowledge that do not require further support in an argument
Term
logical fallacies
Definition
flaws in the structure of an argument that make the claims invalid
Term
faulty cause/effect
Definition
type of logical fallacy that confuses a sequential relationship with a causal one (Event A caused Event B because Event A occurred first: The sun rose because the rooster crowed.)
Term
Red Herring
Definition
a type of logical fallacy that tries to shift attention away from the original focus fo the argument (i.e. I’m not saying that all politicians are bad, but many of them seem to distort the truth or Granted, some country music is good, but a lot of it just rubs me the wrong way.)
Term
slippery slope
Definition
a type of logical fallacy that assumes that a certain way of thinking or acting will necessarily continue or extend in that direction (i.e. If the Supreme Court allows the police to set up informational roadblocks, it will soon grant law enforcement full license to inspect anyone at any time.)
Term
warranting assumptions
Definition
reasons that connect claims with their support
Term
syllogism
Definition
a line of deductive reasoning that requires threes steps (i.e. All humans are mortal. Socrates is human. Therefore, Socrates is mortal.)
Term
enthymeme
Definition
statements that contain unstated premises or assumptions (i.e. Because the dog is scratching at the back door, someone should let her out)
Term
exigence
Definition
the critical moment in a rhetorical situation; the moment that requires someone to speak or write when something happens (or fails to happen) that calls for someone to speak out or persuade others to think or act in a particular way (i.e. “stay calm” or “assist those in need”)
Term
Rogerian argument
Definition
an approach to argument based on the work of Carl Rogers (1902-87), in which the arguer attempts to build common ground between value systems
Term
rhetoric
Definition
a process of recognizing and using the most effective strategies for influencing thought
Term
Toulminian logic
Definition
an important system for analyzing arguments, based on the work of Stephen Toulmin (1922-) that suggests that an argument has six primary components: main claim, support, warranting assumption, backing, modal qualifier, and rebuttal
Term
style or voice
Definition
the personal or individualized use of language conventions, with attention to appropriateness, situation, and audience
Term
strawperson
Definition
a type of logical fallacy that misrepresents an argument by oversimplifying it so that it can easily be proven wrong (i.e. People against the war think that the U.S. shouldn’t defend itself from dangerous forces.)
Term
five canons of rhetoric
Definition
invention, arrangement, style, memory, and delivery
Term
personification
Definition
treating a nonhuman thing as though it were human (i.e. The house just sat there through the years, minding its own business while the world built up around it.)
Term
metonymy
Definition
a figure of speech that names something using only part of the entire thing (i.e. using Washington to refer to the U.S. government, or the pen and the sword to refer to writing and military action)
Term
stasis theory
Definition
a system or approach involving four questions that help one to understand the nature of a disagreement and the precise nature of opposing claims (stasis: from the Greek root sta, “to stand”)
Term
Kairos
Definition
(Greek for unfortunate moment) refers to the moment in a rhetorical situation that is ripest with opportunity---the moment when the right statement can have the most impact and influence on an audience
Term
metaphor
Definition
a comparison in which one thing takes on the characteristics of another
Term
understatement
Definition
a figure of speech in which a deliberately less forceful or dramatic expression than expected is used (i.e. “Antarctica is a little chilly.”)
Term
ideology
Definition
the collection of unstated values and beliefs that inform people’s understanding of the world
Term
evidence
Definition
type of support that includes reference to authority, facts, statistics, and testimonies
Term
dialectical reasoning
Definition
a process of critical thinking put forth by philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831), who believed that all human thought developed through various stages from personal to social to spiritual.
Term
figurative language
Definition
language that is not literal; language that redirects meaning away from the literal definitions of words
Term
artistic proofs
Definition
support that must be created (named so by Aristotle because the arguer must create the bridge between the topic and the audience)
Term
allusion
Definition
a reference so some bit of public knowledge (from history, current events, popular culture, religion or literature
Term
ad hominem
Definition
(Latin for person) a logical fallacy that attacks an arguer rather than examining the logic of the argument (i.e. We shouldn’t listen to their claims about social justice because those people are crazy.)
Term
appeal of character (ethos)
Definition
drawing attention to the arguer’s personal nature, integrity, experience, wisdom, or personality
Term
analogy
Definition
an extended comparison in which two things share several characteristics or qualities, in which two situations or scenarios are presented as the same
Term
antonomasia
Definition
a figure of speech in which a description of someone is used in place of an actual name, such as the king of pop to refer to Michael Jackson, or old blue eyes to refer to Frank Sinatra)
Term
either/or reasoning
Definition
type of logical fallacy that offers only two choices when more exist (i.e. You either agree with the policy, or you are anti-American)
Term
claim of value
Definition
a type of claim that argues that something has or reflects a particular quality (good, bad, just, unreasonable, practical, unfair, etc.)
Term
counterargument
Definition
refuting the claims or positions that are opposed to those being forwarded by the arguer
Term
false analogy
Definition
type of logical fallacy that makes a comparison between two things that are ultimately more unlike than alike (i.e. Running a college is a lot like running a corporation: If you provide a better service, then you get more customers.)
Term
authorities
Definition
experts in a given field that offer specialized knowledge
Term
formality
Definition
the adherence of a text to conventions of style and format
Term
irony
Definition
the act (or art) of saying one thing and meaning the opposite (i.e. When people proclaim, “Nice job Grace!” after someone has tripped, they are being ironic.)
Term
hasty generalization
Definition
drawing a conclusion about a group of people/events/things based on insufficient examples (often the logical flaw behind racist, sexist, or bigoted statements)
Term
inductive logic
Definition
a common strategy in logical appeals that builds from particular points and leads to a general conclusion
Term
claim of fact
Definition
a type of claim that argues that a condition exists, has existed, or will exist
Term
appeal to need
Definition
making a connection between the topic and a basic human need (food, shelter, belonging, intimacy, self-realization, etc.)
Term
delivery
Definition
the presentation of ideas in an argument
Term
informality
Definition
veers away from standard conventions, intentionally breaking conventional grammar or sentence structure rules
Term
oversimplification
Definition
a type of logical fallacy hat does not acknowledge the true complexity of a situation (i.e. If Bill and Lisa would just get married, they would solve their problems.)
Term
invention
Definition
the discovery and development of ideas, a key to successful argument
Term
qualifier
Definition
a word or phrase that limits the meaning of another word or phrase Closely related to concessions, they grant value to someone else’s claims
Term
sarcasm
Definition
a type of irony characterized by a slant toward mean-spiritedness
Term
support
Definition
sometimes called grounds or proofs that give substance and legitimacy to a claim or thesis
Term
memory
Definition
the recollection of prepared points (In ancient Greece, rhetors memorized lengthy arguments and delivered them as speeches. Today, it has been replaced by revision or (re-seeing) to imagine how readers will understand the argument.)
Term
concession
Definition
granting value or credit to an opposing claim
Term
appeal of character (ethos)
Definition
drawing attention to the arguer’s personal nature, integrity, experience, wisdom, or personality
Term
academic audience
Definition
the audience for academic writing, typically a collection of readers rather than one particular person
Term
premise
Definition
any claim that provides reasoning for another claim They work like support in that they substantiate claims.
Term
voice
Definition
the writer’s identity created within a text
Term
illustrations
Definition
graphic descriptions or representations of an idea (Sometimes with words only.)
Term
appeal to emotion (pathos)
Definition
connecting the audience’s emotions (sympathy, anger, happiness, etc.) to the topic
Term
examples
Definition
particular occurrences of a phenomenon
Term
proof
Definition
a broad term that refers to support strategies, sometimes used synonymously with support
Term
rhetorical situation
Definition
an opportunity to address a particular audience about a disputed or disputable issue
Term
testimony
Definition
an eyewitness account
Term
anecdote
Definition
a short account of a particular even or incident
Term
arrangement
Definition
the organization of ideas in an argument
Term
inartistic proofs
Definition
support that already exists, such as facts, statistics, and testimony
Term
simile
Definition
a comparison using like or as in which one thing takes on the characteristics of another (i.e. “You are like a hurricane. There’s calm in your eye” Neil Young).s
Term
stasis theory
Definition
a system or approach involving four questions that help one to understand the nature of a disagreement and the precise nature of opposing claims (stasis: from the Greek root sta, “to stand”)
Term
scenarios
Definition
fictional or hypothetical accounts
Term
appeal to logic (logos)
Definition
engaging the intellectual/reasoning capacity of the audience.
Term
appeal to value
Definition
making a connection between the topic and general value (such as fairness, equality, honor, kindness, selflessness, duty, responsibility, etc.)
Term
academic argument
Definition
a type of argument that focuses on written text in academic setting
Term
appeal
Definition
a major form of support in argumentation that requires the arguer to create a connection between the audience and the topic
Term
claim of policy
Definition
a type of claim that argues that some action should be taken or some change made
Term
rhetorician
Definition
an expert in or teacher of rhetoric
Term
Audience
Definition
people receiving, or potentially receiving, a message (written, spoken, or performed)
Term
Main Claim
Definition
the primary assertion made about a given topic
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