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| The first African Americans to attend an all white school at Little Rock Central High School |
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| Non-violent acts aiming to end racial segregation at lunch counters in Nashville, Tennessee, many African Americans took classes to learn how to deal with the ridicule and the inexcusable acts of hatred from the white population |
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| A social movement in 1964, campaigning to allow African Americans to vote in the United States |
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| Organized to resist change or to reinstate an earlier social order that individuals believe to be better |
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| Seek broader-based fundamental change in the basic institutions of society |
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| Seek change through legal or other mainstream political means |
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| Social/Political Change Movements |
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| to change an aspect of society (ex. gay and lesbian movements, environmental movements, and animal rights movements) |
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| Personal Transformation Movement |
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| Aim to change the individual, giving he/she a new identity used to redefine life, individuals achieve personal transformation movements through areas such as massage therapy, meditation, and yoga |
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| The worldwide dispersion of problems and issues involving the relationships between humans and the physical and social global environment |
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| Combines the studies of demography and ecology |
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| Consists of the dumping of toxic wastes with disproportionate frequency at or very near areas with high concentrations of minorities |
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| The heating up of the earth’s rivers and lakes as a result of the chemical discharges of heavy industry |
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| Any system of interdependent parts that involves human beings in interaction with one another and the physical environment |
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| The scientific study of the interdependencies that exist between humans and our physical environment |
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| The total number of people per unit areas, usually per square mile |
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| The process by which a community acquires the characteristics of city life and the “urban” end of the rural-urban continuum |
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| Population Replacement Level |
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| A state in which the combined birthrate and death rate of a population simply sustains the population at a steady level, called the equilibrium level |
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| Zero Population Growth (ZPG) Theory on Demographics |
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| (Main Point) Achievements of zero population growth solves the Malthusian problem of unchecked population growth (“Positive” Checks on Population Growth) Famine, disease, and war are unlikely (“Preventative” Checks on Population Growth) Sexual abstinence, birth control, and contraceptive methods (Predictions for the Future) Very optimistic; zero population growth has already been achieved in the United States and other countries |
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| Demographic Transition Theory on Demographics: |
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| (Main Point) Populations go through predictable stages (“transitions”) from high birth and death rates to a stable population with low birth and death rates (“Positive” Checks on Population Growth) Famine, disease, and war are moderately likely (“Preventative” Checks on Population Growth) Sexual abstinence, birth control, and contraceptive methods (Predictions for the Future) Optimistic, given technology and medical advances in a population |
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| Malthusian Theory on Demographics |
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| (Main Point) A population grows faster than the subsistence (food supply) needed to sustain it (“Positive” Checks on Population Growth) Famine, disease, and war are likely (“Preventative” Checks on Population Growth) Sexual Abstinence (Predictions for the Future) Pessimistic, despite positive and preventative checks, a population will ultimately outstrip its food supply |
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| Demographic Transition Theory |
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| Proposes that countries pass through a consistent sequence of population patterns linked to the degree of development in the society and ending with a situation in which the birthrates and death rates are both relatively low |
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| The idea that a population tends to grow faster than the subsistence needed to sustain it, proposed by Thomas R. Malthus (the future must inevitably hold catastrophe and famine) |
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| Consists of all the persons born within a given period (cohorts can include all persons born within the same year, decade, or other time period) |
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| Gender and age data are combined into a graphic format |
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| The number of males per 100 females |
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| The average number of years a member of a group can expect to live |
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| The number of deaths per year of infants less than one year old for every 1000 live births |
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| The number of deaths each year per 1000 people |
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| The number of babies born each year for every 1000 members of the population |
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| The departure of people from a society (also called out-migration) |
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| Include information about births, marriages, deaths, migrations in and out of the country, and other fundamental quantities related to population |
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| A head count of the entire population of a country, usually done at regular intervals |
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| The study of the current state and changes over time in the size, distribution, and composition of human populations |
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| Unwanted physical or verbal sexual behavior that occurs in the context of a relationship or unequal power and is experiences as a threat to the victim’s job or educational activities |
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| Referring to the limits that women and minorities experience in job motility |
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| The condition of being employed at a skill level below what would be expected given a person’s training, experience, and education (this condition can also include working fewer hours than desired) |
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| The percentage of those not working but officially defined as looking for work |
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| Symbolic Interaction Theory on Work |
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| (Defines Work) As organizing social bonds between people who interact within work settings (Views Work Organizations) As interactive systems in which people form relationships and create beliefs that define their relationships to others (Interprets Changing Work Systems) As the result of the changing meanings of work resulting from changed social conditions (Explains Wage Inequality) As producing different perceptions of the value of different occupations |
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| (Defines Work) As generating class conflict because of the unequal rewards associated with different jobs (Views Work Organizations) As producing alienation, especially among those who perform repetitive tasks (Interprets Changing Work Systems) As based in tensions arising from power differences between different class, race, and gender groups (Explains Wage Inequality) As reflecting the devaluation of different classes of workers |
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| Functionalist Theory on Work |
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| (Defines Work) As functional for society because work teaches people the values of society and integrates people within the social order; more “talented” people rank higher (Views Work Organizations) As functionally integrated with other social institutions (Interprets Changing Work Systems) As an adaptation to social change (Explains Wage Inequality) As motivating people to work harder |
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| A feeling of powerlessness and separation from society |
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| The systematic interrelatedness of different tasks that develop in complex societies, when different groups engage in different economic activities, a division of labor is said to exist |
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| Work specifically intended to produce a desired state of mind in a client, and often involves putting on a false front before clients (ex. airline flight attendants) |
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| Productive human activity that creates something of value, either goods or services |
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| Individuals who do not hold regular jobs, but their employment is dependent on labor demand (ex. contract workers, temporary workers, on-call workers, the self-employed, and day laborers) |
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| The process by which human labor is replaced by machines, eliminates many repetitive and tiresome tasks, and it makes rapid communication and access to information possible |
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| Refers to the contemporary transformations in the basic structure of work that are permanently altering the workplace |
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| The fear and hatred of foreigners, campaigns to “buy American” reflect this trend |
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| Multinational Corporations |
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| Those that draw a large share of their revenues from foreign investments and conduct business across national borders |
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| Describes that all parts of the economy cross national borders |
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| Industry is not the private property of owners, instead, the state is the sole owner of the systems of production, communism argues that capitalism is fundamentally unjust since powerful owners take more from laborers (and society) then they give, and use their power to maintain the inequalities between the worker and owner classes |
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| An economic institution characterized by state ownership and management of the basic industries; that is, the means of production are the property of the state, not the individuals |
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| An economic system based on the principles of market competition, private property, and the pursuit of profit, within capitalist societies, stockholders own corporations, or a share of the corporation’s wealth, owners keep a surplus of what is generated by the economy |
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| Post Industrial Societies |
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| Societies organized around the provision of services, the United States has moved from being a manufacturing-based economy to an economy centered on the provision of services (ex. banking, finance, retail sales, hotel and restaurant work, health care) |
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| The system by which goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumes |
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| Refers to the differences between men and women in political attitudes and behavior (ex. women are more likely to identify and vote as Democrats than men) |
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| The government of the United States, based on the principle of representing all people through the right to vote |
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| Includes those state institutions that represent the population, making rules that govern the society |
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| Interprets the state as its own major constituent, the state develops interests of its own, which it seeks to promote independently of other interests and the public that it allegedly serves, the state does not reflect the needs of the dominant groups as Marx and power elite theorists would contend |
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| Organizational linkages created when the same people sit on the board of directors for numerous corporations |
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| Elaborated on Marx’s theory, popularized the term power elite, attacked the pluralist model, arguing that the true power structure consists of people well positioned in three areas: the economy, the government, and the military |
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| A theoretical model of power positioning a strong link between government and business, developed by Marx (the power of the upper class over the lower classes, the small group of elites over the rest of the population) |
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| Political Action Committees (PACS): |
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| Groups of people who organize to support candidates they feel will represent their views |
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| Feminist Theory of Power in Society |
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| (The State) As masculine in its organization and values (that is, based on rational principles and patriarchal structure) (Political Power) As emerging from the bureaucratic dominance of men over women (Social Conflict) As resulting from power men have over women (Social Order) As resulting from the patriarchal control that men have over social institutions |
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| Autonomous State Theory of Power in Society |
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| (The State) As taking on a life of its own, perpetuating its own form and interests (Political Power) As residing in the organizational structure of state institutions (Social Conflict) As developing between states, as each vies to uphold its own interests (Social Order) As the result of administrative systems that work to maintain the status quo |
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| Pluralism Theory of Power in Society |
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| (The State) As representing diverse and multiple groups in society (Political Power) As derived from the activities of interest groups and as broadly diffused throughout the public (Social Conflict) As the competition between diverse groups that mobilize to promote their interests (Social Order) As the result of the equilibrium created by multiple groups balancing their interestsPower Elite Theory of Power in Society: (The State) As representing the interests of a small, but economically dominant class (Political Power) As held by the ruling class (Social Conflict) As stemming from domination of elites over less powerful groups (Social Order) As coming from the interlocking directorates created by the linkages among those few people who control institutions |
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| Any constituency in society organized to promote its own agenda, including large, nationally based groups |
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| Interprets Power in society as derived from the representation of diverse interests of different groups in society, this model assumes that in democratic societies, the system of government works to balance the different interests of groups in society |
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| Type of formal organization characterized by an authority hierarchy, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality |
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| Stems from rules and regulations, typically written down as laws, procedures, or codes of conduct (upheld by police officers, judges, etc.) |
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| Derived from the personal appeal of a leader, often believed to have special gifts or powers, often from religious movements |
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| (Max Weber) Stems from long established patterns that give certain people or groups legitimate power in society (ex. monarchy, kings and queens rule, not necessarily because of their appeal or because they have won elections, but because of long-standing traditions within the society) |
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| Power perceived by others as legitimate, and merges not only from the exercise of power, but from the belief of constituents that the power is legitimate |
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| The ability of one person or group to exercise influence and control over others |
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| Disseminated with the intention to justify the state’s power |
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| The organized system of power and authority in society |
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