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| refers to the regular enactment of policies, decisions, and matters of state on the part of the officials w/ in a political apparatus |
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| concerns the means wherby power is used |
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| capacity to achieve one's aim even against the resistance of others, and often involves force |
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| means performing a task to produce goods and preforming services that cater to human needs |
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| work that is done in exchange for a wage or salary. |
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| consists of institutions that provide for the production and distribution of goods and services |
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| refers to transactions outside the sphere of regular employment and includes the exchange of cash for services provided and the direct exchange of goods and services |
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| harnessing science in order to increase productivity |
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| work which is divided into an enormous number of diferent occupations in which people specialize. |
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| the fact that in the division of labor, individuals depend on others to produce many or most of the goods they need to sustain their lives. |
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| "scientific management" involves the detailed study of industrial processes in order to break them down into simple operations that could be precisely timed and organized. Designed to maximize industrial output. |
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| the name given to designate the system of mas production tied to the cultivation of mass markets |
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| refers to feelings of indifference or hostility not only to work, but to the overall framework of industrial production within a capitalist setting. |
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| fordism and taylorism are seen as low trust systems because they maximize worker alienation. Jobs are set by management and are geared to machines |
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| allows worker control over the pace and even content of their work |
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| is a temporary stoppage of work by a group of employees in order to express a grievance or enforce a demand. |
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| are where the employers bring about stoppage of work |
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| a statistic that represents the number of union members as a percentage of the number of people who could potentially be union members |
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Term
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Definition
economic system based on the private ownership of wealth, which is invested and reinvested in order to produce profit.
Characteristics of Capitalism
1) Private Ownership of the means of production
2) Profit as incentive
3) Free competition for markets of goods
4) Restless expansion and investment to accumulate capital |
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| large business firms or companies |
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| boss who owns and operates a firm |
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| when one firm has a commanding position in a industry |
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| small group of large corporations predominate in an industry |
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| - large firms were run by members of the same family and then passed on to their descendents |
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| capitalistic enterprises administered by managerial executives rather than by owners |
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| practice in which large corporations protect their employees from the vicissitudes of the market. |
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| refers to the emergence of a consolidated network of business leadership, concerned not only with decision making within single firms but also with the development of corporate power beyond them |
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| Transnational/ Mulitnational |
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| corporations operate across different national boundaries in two or more countries. |
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| International division of labor |
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| the specialization in producing goods for the world market that divides regions into zones of industrial or agricultural production or high or low skilled labor |
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| Ethnocentric transnationals |
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Definition
| transnational corporations largely run directly from the headquarters of the parent company Management is based on cultural norms of the country where the company is based |
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| Polycentric Transnationals |
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Definition
| administrative structure is global but whose corporate practices are adapted according to local circumstances. Management based on broad guidelines but adapted by local managers in each country |
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| Geocentric Transnationals |
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Definition
| administrative structure is global, rather than organized from any particular country. Management is highly adaptive and mobile according to need. |
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| production process monitored and controlled by machines with only minimal supervision from people. |
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| describes a new era of capitalist economic production in which flexibility and innovation are maximized in order to meet market demands for diverse, customized products. |
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| are collaborative work groups |
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Definition
| groups of between five and twenty workers who meet regularly to study and resolve production problems. Ex of Group Production |
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| computers design customized products for a mass market. |
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| a society no longer based primarily on the production of material goods but based instead on the production of knowledge. Its emergence has been linked to the development of a broad base of consumers who are technologically literate and have made new advances in computing, entertainment, and telecommunications part of their lives. |
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| a worker who possesses a diversity of skills or qualifications and is therefore able to move easily form job to job |
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| a cluster of cities and towns forming a continuous network |
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| the "city of all cities" in ancient Greece-used in modern times to refer to very large conurbations |
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| the movement of the population into towns and cities away from the land-growth of diverse subcultures |
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Definition
a) Urban Ecology (ecological approach)-sees city growth as a natural process
b) Urbanism-"way of life" stresses urbanism as a form of social existence characterized by fleeting, impersonal interactions, the rapid pace of life, and development of a homogenous and anonymous mass. |
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Definition
a) David Harvey argues that urbanism is an aspect of the created environment brought about by industrial capitalism-space is continually restructuring in modern urbanism.
b) Manuel Castells-the city is a process of collective consumption where people consume goods and services offered by corporations and governments. |
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Definition
| the massive development and inhabiting of towns surrounding a city, rapidly increased during the 1950s and 1960s during economic prosperity |
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| " Urban renewal (gentrification |
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Definition
| the refurbishing of old buildings to put them to new uses |
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Definition
| urban centers that are home to the headquarters of large, transnational corporations and superabundance of financial, technological, and consulting services. |
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| - large, intensely concentrated urban spaces that serve as connection points for the global economy |
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| the statistical study of population |
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| the number of live births per year per thousand of the population |
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| number of live-born children the average woman has |
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| potential number of live births a woman could have |
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| the number of deaths per thousand of population per year |
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| number of deaths in a population |
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| number of babies per thousand who die before age 1 |
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| number of years an average person is expected to live |
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| potential maximum number of years an individual could live |
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| time it takes for the population to double |
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| population growth tends to outstrip the means of support, leading to misery and starvation |
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| the changes in the ration of births to deaths in the industrialized countries since the 19th century |
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Term
| " Sustainable development |
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Definition
| growth should be carried on in a way such as to recycle physical resources rather than deplete then to keep levels of pollution to a minimum. |
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Definition
| the transformation over time of the institutions and culture of a society |
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Definition
| moving beyond the old forms of industrial development (also called: information society, service society, and knowledge society) |
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Definition
| society is no longer governed by history or progress. Nothing guides society's development |
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| " Transnational corporations |
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Definition
| companies that produce goods or market services in more than one country |
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| world disasters that are unrelated |
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| risks that are created by the impact of our won knowledge and technology on the natural world |
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Definition
| a cultural system of commonly shared beliefs and rituals that provides a sense of ultimate meaning and purpose by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all-encompassing, and supernatural |
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| Marx-Religion and Inequality |
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Definition
religion provides justification for the inequalities of wealth and power found in society
alienation-human beings tend to attribute their own culturally created values and norms to alien, or separate beings because they do not understand their own history |
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Term
| Durkheim-Religion and Functionalism |
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Definition
| religion is important because it ensures people meet regularly to affirm common beliefs and values |
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| Weber-The World Religions and Social Change |
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Definition
| religion is important because of the role it plays in social change, particularly the development of Western capitalization |
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Definition
| rise in worldly thinking and a simultaneous decline in the influence of religion |
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Definition
| religions can be fruitfully understood as organizations in competition with one another for followers |
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| sect that has cooled down and become an institutionalized body rather than an activist protest group |
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| resembles sects but their emphases are different. EXCLUSIVE |
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Definition
| attempt to promote a new religion or new interpretation, all sects and cults are types of religious movements |
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Definition
| Weber says is the the inspirational quality capable of capturing the imagination and devotion of a mass of followers, leads to Reli. Movement. |
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Term
| " New Religious movements |
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Definition
| broad range of religious and spiritual groups, cults and sects that have emerged in Western countries alongside mainstream religions |
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| " World-affirming movements |
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Definition
| Religious movements that seek to enhance followers' ability to succeed in the outside world by helping them to unlock their human potential |
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| " World-rejecting movements |
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Definition
| Religious movements that are exclusive in nature, highly critical of the outside world, and demanding of their members |
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| " World-accomodating movements |
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Definition
| religious movements that emphasize the importance of inner religious life and spiritual purity over worldly concerns |
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| a set of religious beliefs through which a society interprets its own history in light of some conception of ultimate reality |
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Definition
| belief is "spiritual rebirth |
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| Evanglicals who are antimodern in many of their beliefs, calling for strict codes of morality and conduct |
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Definition
| the linking of strongly held religious convictions with beliefs about a people's social and political destiny |
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