Term
| Triplett noticed what about bicycle racers? |
|
Definition
| Raced faster against each other than when against the clock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The role of others in setting norms or standards of conduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group provides information about reality; to allow the individual to test his own idea of what is true and real by checking his perceptions against others |
|
|
Term
| What happened to Kitty Genovese ? |
|
Definition
| She was stabbed outside her apartment |
|
|
Term
| Kitty Genovese case - Why did none of the bystanders call the police? |
|
Definition
| They saw all the other bystanders to the crime, so they assumed that someone else had already called the police, so no they didn’t have to |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major decisions required in reacting to an emergency? |
|
Definition
1) is the situation really an emergency? 2) what to do if it is an emergency? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People often take cues from others when deciding what to think or do in circumstances of uncertainty |
|
|
Term
| Diffusion of responsibility |
|
Definition
| The mere presence of others may lead the observer to decide that since there are so many others present, the responsibility for taking action (or the blame for not taking action) is not his alone, but shared by everyone else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "Mock Prison" - study the behavior of normal people under situations of authority |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "shock experiment" - learner vs. teacher |
|
|
Term
| Zimbardo's "Stanford Prison Experiment" and Milgram's experiment on authority cause help explain what? |
|
Definition
| Guard and soldier's behaviors in prisons, concentration camps, and extermination camps (WWII) |
|
|
Term
| Milgram's experiement - when the experimentor is closer to the teacher, the teacher is [more/less] likely to shock every time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Milgram's experiment - when the teacher is close to the learner, the teacher is [more/less] likely to give a shock every time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Milgram's experiment - when the learner is far away from the teacher, the teacher is [more/less] likely to give a shock every time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three factors that explain the obedience of subjects in the David Stewart prank calls? |
|
Definition
1) Authoritive figure 2) Demanding tone and language 3) Gradual Increase of demands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bobo doll experiment - taped one of his students beating a bobo doll and then showed it to a group of kindergarten students |
|
|
Term
| Bandura - were the actions of the children continued with a real clown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior in which the actions of one individual affects the reproductive success of another individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to produce offspring and successfully raise them to adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 advantages of foraging in groups |
|
Definition
1) more opportunities to eat with more people looking 2) some individuals can keep an eye out for predators while others search for food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior in which the actor incurs a cost to provide a benefit to a recipien |
|
|
Term
| Is foraging considered an altruistic bahaviour? |
|
Definition
| No, because the actor gains from performing the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Some individuals delay own reproduction to help rear offspring of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Many individuals don’t have reproductive organs and don’t reproduce, they spend their time serving the colony |
|
|
Term
| Are 'alarm calls' considered an altruistic bahaviour? |
|
Definition
| Yes, since the individual warning the others of a predator’s presence is more likely to be captured since it is alerting the predator of it’s location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) mothers association 2) co-residence 3) face recognition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Coefficient of relatedness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coefficient of relatedness - siblings |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coefficient of relatedness - aunt/uncle/grandparent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Coefficient of relatedness - first cousin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of offspring that an individual produces that make it to reproductive age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fitness gained through effects of actions on the reproduction of kin, discounted by coefficient of relatedness |
|
|
Term
| Freud's approach on personality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three personality structures proposed by Freud |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Basic instincts, motivational evergy, avoid pain and experience pleasure, food/water/sex, instant gratification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moral values - respect rules and obey principles, appears around age 5/6, self-control, concience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediator between id and superego, aware of reality, find a balance |
|
|
Term
| Which of the id, ego, and superego are dominantly unconcious |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Freud's psychosexual stages? |
|
Definition
| Oral - anal - phallic stage and oedipus rex - latency - genital |
|
|
Term
| What are Erikson's psychosocial stages? |
|
Definition
| oral-sensory, muscular-anal, locomotor-genital, latency, adolescence, young adulthood, adulthood, maturity/old age |
|
|
Term
| Oral sensory stage - conflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| muscular-anal stage - conflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| locomotor-genital stage - conflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| letency stage - conflict? |
|
Definition
| industriousness vs. inferiority |
|
|
Term
| adolescence stage - conflict? |
|
Definition
| identity cohesion vs. role confusion |
|
|
Term
| young adulthood stage - conflict? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adulthood stage - conflict? |
|
Definition
| generativity vs. stagnation |
|
|
Term
| maturity/old age stage - conflict? |
|
Definition
| ego integrity vs. despair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Killed his father and married his mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If needs are met, then infant will trust those around them. If needs are not met, infant will be doubtful of those around them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If child allowed to move at their own pace, they will learn autonomy and free will If not, child will associate shame with the choices they make |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
If successful, child develops desire to try new things and deal with failure If unsuccessful, child will not handle failure well |
|
|
Term
| identity cohesion vs. role confusion |
|
Definition
Establishing an integrated sense of self develops the individuals ego identity
If unsuccessful, individual will not form proper ego identity
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Develop strong emotional connections with others If unsuccessful, individual will not develop relationships and become isolated
|
|
|
Term
| generativity vs. stagnation |
|
Definition
Includes possible midlife crisis To be successful, one must focus on others and contribute to the community and the younger generation
|
|
|
Term
| ego integrity vs. despair |
|
Definition
| If all eight stages completed, individual develops ego integrity by finding satisfaction and meaning in their life |
|
|
Term
| Correspondant inference theory |
|
Definition
| how we decide to attribute behaviour - we observe and actively analyse it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
do they believe in the actions? High dgree: chosen more probable to infer individual truly believes in that side of the argument Low degree: randomly assigned other less probably to make inference |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
influences attributions require some pre-existing expectancies about the individual/group uncommon behavior gives us a lot more information than common behavior |
|
|
Term
| influences are based on (3) |
|
Definition
degree of choice expectations intended consequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the more unusual or undesirable the bahavior the easier it will be to determine what the underlying cause of the behavior is - motivation behind behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we take shortcuts to attribute faster, but see only a limited amount of detail about the person |
|
|
Term
| representative heuristics |
|
Definition
| we classify people considering how well their behavior fits with certain prototypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we decide how likely an event is by considering how easy it is to come up with examples of that event |
|
|
Term
| Fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| we overestimate the role of personal factors such as abilities and personality traits and underestimate the role of situational factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| retain positive impression of person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less likely to remain positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| more likely to attribute other's bad behaviors and own's to situational |
|
|
Term
| Information integration theory |
|
Definition
| we form impressions based on our personal disposition and a weighted average of the traits of the person we are forming an image of |
|
|
Term
| Factors that affect judgement (3) |
|
Definition
our mood recent experiences exposure to certain words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| feelings and beliefs based on our past experiences which can influence out behavior (can change over time) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attitudes are more likely to influence behavior |
|
|
Term
| Attitudes can be describd in 3 ways |
|
Definition
Cognitively Emotionally Bahaviorally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uncomfortable feeling when a person begins to understand that something the person believes to be true is, in fact, not true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fixed, overtly simple impressions of others of certain social groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perceiving non-existant relationships or exaggerated strengths of a relationship |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kidnapped individuals who bond with their kidnapper, and do not wish to leave |
|
|
Term
| over-justification effect |
|
Definition
| if you justify an action, dissonance won't occus and attitude change will fail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mature woman <1 is less likely to develop heart problems and diabetes and less likely to have problems conceiving pregers women >1 pre-pubescent girl =1 |
|
|
Term
| Smaller women are more attactive in food [abundant/scarce] countries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Larger women are more attactive in food [abundant/scarce] countries |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are women attracted to older men? |
|
Definition
| Older men tend to be more financially stable - women like money since they are able to provide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high genetic quality attractive mates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low genetic quality unattractive mate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicative of few developmental errors, low mutational load, and high genetic quality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| indicative of good brain function = low mutational load, few developmental errors and high genetic quality |
|
|
Term
| Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) |
|
Definition
Genes whose alleles exist in an especially wide variety of forms
|
|
|
Term
| Why are different MHC are more compatible than similar MHC |
|
Definition
| avoid inbreeding, and increase immunity on offspring & fitness |
|
|
Term
| Oral contraceptives & MHC |
|
Definition
| reverses effect of MHC selection - will be attracted to similar MHC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| see into something just once makes up like it more |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| others present who are doing the same thing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| People in cubicles and someone calls for help. More people - less likely person is to see help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence of others arouses the dominant response in individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normative & comparative function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
test in room - smoke enters took longer to report smoke with larger number of people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when individuals make decisions about risk then discuss it - polarizes after group discussion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| we help each other so we can receive recognition or reward for our behavior |
|
|
Term
| Social norms (helping theories) |
|
Definition
| help those who help you - because it is expected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 steps of Maslow's hierarchy |
|
Definition
| physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breating, food, sleep, and sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| security of body, employment, health, family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| friendship, family, sexual intimacy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| self-esteem, confidence, respect from others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| morality, creativity, spontaneity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O-C-E-A-N Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conscientiousness (OCEAN) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| desire to engage in social interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| warm, compassionate, polite, caring, cooperative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high schored are not desirable - distress regarding fear and depression |
|
|
Term
industriousness vs. inferiority |
|
Definition
This stage is resolved successfully if child learns that he is capable of setting and
achieving a goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3 Line experiment - normative function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| help others so we can receive recognition or reward for our bahavior |
|
|
