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Definition
| Any event or circumstance that strains or exceeds an individual's ability to cope. |
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| Uses psychological principles to encourage healthy lifestyles and to minimize the impact of stress. |
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| Psychologically significant events that occur in a person's life, such as violence, loss of a family member, natural disasters, terrorism, etc. |
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Result of being unable to satisfy a motive. |
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The state in which two or more motives cannot be satisfied because they interfere with one another. |
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| Approach-Approach Conflict |
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Definition
| Conflict in which the individual must choose between two positive goals or approx. equal value. |
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| Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict |
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Definition
| Conflict in which the individual must choose between two negative outcomes of equal value. |
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| Approach-Avoidance Conflict |
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Definition
| Conflict in which achieving a positive goal will produce a negative outcome as well. |
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| Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict |
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Definition
| Conflict that requires the individual to choose between two alternatives, each of which contains both positive and negative consequences. |
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Definition
| Stress that arises from the threat of negative events. |
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General Adaptaion Syndrome |
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Definition
| Mobilization of the body to ward off threats, characterized by a 3-stage pattern of alarm reaction, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage. |
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Definition
| Attempts to deal with the source of stress and/or control their reactions to it. |
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| Changing how a person thinks about or interprets a potentially stressful event to reduce its stressfulness. |
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| Effective methods of coping |
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Definition
Removal, Reappraisal, Behavioral Management |
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| Ineffective methods of coping |
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Definition
Withdrawal, Aggression, Drugs |
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Definition
| Unrealistic strategies used by the ego to discharge tension, such as displacement, sublimation, projection, regression, rationalization, repression, denial. |
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Definition
| A trained professional uses methods based on psychological theories to help a person with psychological problems. |
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| A method of psychotherapy developed by Freud based on the belief that the root of all psychological problems is unconscious conflicts among the id, ego, & superego. |
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| A tool used by Freud in which the patient is encouraged to talk about whatever comes to mind, allowing the contents of the unconscious mind to slip past the censorship of the ego. |
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Definition
| A method developed by Freud in which the symbols of the manifest content of dreams that are recalled by the patient are interpreted to reveal their latent content. |
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Definition
| Any form of patient opposition to the process of psychanalysis. |
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Definition
| When a patient comes to feel and act toward the therapist in ways that resemble how he/she feels and acts toward other significant adults. |
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Definition
| The release of emotional energy related to unconscious conflicts. |
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| Interpersonal Psychotherapy |
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Definition
| Based on the theories of Neo-Freudians, it focuses on the accurate identification/communication of feelings and the improvement of current social relationships. |
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| Client-Centered Psychotherapy |
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Definition
| Carl Rogers' approach to humanistic psychotherapy, in which the therapist creates an atmosphere that encourages clients to discover feelings of which they were unaware. |
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Definition
| Used in humanistic psychotherapy, the therapist reflects the emotions of the client to help clients clarify their feelings. |
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Definition
| Client-centered, unconditional positive regard, reflection, present focus. |
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Definition
| Humanistic therapy in which the therapist takes an active role (questioning/challenging the client) to help the client become more aware of their feelings. |
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| Cognitive-Behavior Therapy |
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Definition
Psychotherapy based on social learning theory in which the therapist helps the client unlearn abnormal ways of behaving, learn more adaptive ways of behaving, and change maladaptive cognitions. |
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Definition
| Behavior therapy technique in which a person with a phobia is first exposed to a stimulus that is mildly fear provoking. Once the client has mastered his anxiety in that situation, he is exposed to a graded series of more fearful situations. |
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Definition
| Use of techniques of operant conditioning to teach social skills to persons who lack them. |
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Definition
| Therapeutic technique in which the therapist and client act as if they were people in problematic situations. |
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Definition
| A CBT method in which faulty cognitiions-maladaptive beliefs, expectations, and ways of thinking- are changed by pointing out their irrationality. |
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Emphasizes an understanding of the roles of each of the members of the family system, usually conducted with all members of the family present. Can be psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, or cognitive. |
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| Medical therapy that uses medications to treat abnormal behavior. |
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| A medical therapy that involves operating on the brain in an attempt to alleviate some types of mental disorders. |
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Definition
| Studies individuals as they interact with others. |
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Definition
State in which people in a group can feel anonymous and unidentifiable and therefore feel less concerned with what others think of their behavior. |
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| Diffusion of Responsibility |
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Definition
| The effect of being in a group that apparently reduces the sense of personal responsibility of each group member or act appropriately. |
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Definition
| An effect in which working in a group improves one's performance on individual projects. |
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Definition
| The tendency of members of groups to work less hard when group performance is measured than when individual performance is measured. |
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Definition
| The faulty decision-making processes that may occur in groups. |
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Definition
| The tendency for group discussion to make beliefs and attitudes more extreme. |
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Definition
| Yielding to group pressure even when no direct request to comply has been made. |
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Definition
| Guidelines provided by every culture for judging acceptable and unacceptable behavior. |
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Definition
| Doing what one is told to do by people in authority. |
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Definition
Beliefs that predispose one to act and feel in certain ways. |
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Definition
| The process of changing another person's attitudes through arguments and other related means. |
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Term
| Characteristics of the Speaker |
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Definition
| Credibility, sleeper effect, intentions |
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Term
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Definition
| The potential for low-credibility speakers to influence opinion over a period of time. |
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| Characteristics of the Message |
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Definition
| Fear appeals, one or two sides, framing |
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| Characteristics of the Listener |
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Definition
| Intelligence, need for approval, self-esteem, audience size |
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Definition
| Foot-in-the-door, low-ball. |
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Definition
| The discomfort that results from inconsistencies between attitudes and behavior. |
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Definition
| A harmful attitude based on inaccurate generalizations about a group of people. |
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Definition
| Inaccurate generalization on which a prejudice is based. |
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Definition
| The process of forming impressions of others. |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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Definition
| The tendency to underestimate that impact of situations on others while overestimating the impact on oneself. |
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Definition
| Tendency for first impressions to heavily influence opinions about other people. |
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Definition
| The mixture of romantic, sexual, and other feelings of love. |
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Definition
| The blend of friendship, intimacy, commitment, and security that generally devellops after passionate love. |
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Definition
| Theory that partners will be comfortable in their relationship only when the ratio between their perceived contributions and benefits is equal. |
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| Industrial-Organizational Psychologists |
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Definition
| Study organizations and seek ways to improve the functioning and human benefits of business. |
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| Employee Selection & Evaluation |
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Definition
| Interviews, IQ, skills/abilities, behavioral observations, job performance ratings, organizational citizenship, conscientiousness. |
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Definition
| Practice of involving employees at all levels in management decisions. |
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Definition
| Strategy of giving employees specific goals but giving them considerable freesom in deciding how to reach those goals. |
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| Transformational Management |
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Definition
| A style in which the manager attempts to positivtely transform employees for the better by setting a good example, clearly stating goals and helping employees achieve them, seeking innovative solutions, and mentoring and empowering employees. |
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| Human Factors Engineering |
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Definition
| Branch of industrial-organizational psychology interesting in the design of machines to be operated by human beings. |
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Definition
| Concept that children should never progress from one learning task to another until they have mastered the more basic task. |
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| Criterion-referenced testing |
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Definition
| Testing designed to determine whether a child can meet the minimum standards of a specific educational objective. |
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Definition
| Practice of integrating children with special needs into regular classrooms. |
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