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Final Exam
Social Psych
71
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/11/2007

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Stress
Definition
Any event or circumstance that strains or exceeds an individual's ability to cope.
Term
Health Psychology
Definition
Uses psychological principles to encourage healthy lifestyles and to minimize the impact of stress.
Term
Life Events
Definition
Psychologically significant events that occur in a person's life, such as violence, loss of a family member, natural disasters, terrorism, etc.
Term
Frustration
Definition

Result of being unable to satisfy a motive.

Term
Conflict
Definition

The state in which two or more motives cannot be satisfied because they interfere with one another.

Term
Approach-Approach Conflict
Definition
Conflict in which the individual must choose between two positive goals or approx. equal value.
Term
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Definition
Conflict in which the individual must choose between two negative outcomes of equal value.
Term
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Definition
Conflict in which achieving a positive goal will produce a negative outcome as well.
Term
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Definition
Conflict that requires the individual to choose between two alternatives, each of which contains both positive and negative consequences.
Term
Pressure
Definition
Stress that arises from the threat of negative events.
Term

General Adaptaion Syndrome

Definition
Mobilization of the body to ward off threats, characterized by a 3-stage pattern of alarm reaction, the resistance stage, and the exhaustion stage.
Term
Coping
Definition
Attempts to deal with the source of stress and/or control their reactions to it.
Term
Reappraisal
Definition
Changing how a person thinks about or interprets a potentially stressful event to reduce its stressfulness.
Term
Effective methods of coping
Definition

Removal, Reappraisal, Behavioral Management

Term
Ineffective methods of coping
Definition

Withdrawal, Aggression, Drugs

Term
Defense Mechanisms
Definition
Unrealistic strategies used by the ego to discharge tension, such as displacement, sublimation, projection, regression, rationalization, repression, denial.
Term
Psychotherapy
Definition
A trained professional uses methods based on psychological theories to help a person with psychological problems.
Term
Psychoanalysis
Definition
A method of psychotherapy developed by Freud based on the belief that the root of all psychological problems is unconscious conflicts among the id, ego, & superego.
Term
Free Association
Definition
A tool used by Freud in which the patient is encouraged to talk about whatever comes to mind, allowing the contents of the unconscious mind to slip past the censorship of the ego.
Term
Dream Interpretation
Definition
A method developed by Freud in which the symbols of the manifest content of dreams that are recalled by the patient are interpreted to reveal their latent content.
Term
Resistance
Definition
Any form of patient opposition to the process of psychanalysis.
Term
Transference
Definition
When a patient comes to feel and act toward the therapist in ways that resemble how he/she feels and acts toward other significant adults.
Term
Catharsis
Definition
The release of emotional energy related to unconscious conflicts.
Term
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Definition
Based on the theories of Neo-Freudians, it focuses on the accurate identification/communication of feelings and the improvement of current social relationships.
Term
Client-Centered Psychotherapy
Definition
Carl Rogers' approach to humanistic psychotherapy, in which the therapist creates an atmosphere that encourages clients to discover feelings of which they were unaware.
Term
Reflection
Definition
Used in humanistic psychotherapy, the therapist reflects the emotions of the client to help clients clarify their feelings.
Term
Humanistic Psychology
Definition
Client-centered, unconditional positive regard, reflection, present focus.
Term
Gesalt Psychotherapy
Definition
Humanistic therapy in which the therapist takes an active role (questioning/challenging the client) to help the client become more aware of their feelings.
Term
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Definition

Psychotherapy based on social learning theory in which the therapist helps the client unlearn abnormal ways of behaving, learn more adaptive ways of behaving, and change maladaptive cognitions.

Term
Graded Exposure
Definition
Behavior therapy technique in which a person with a phobia is first exposed to a stimulus that is mildly fear provoking. Once the client has mastered his anxiety in that situation, he is exposed to a graded series of more fearful situations.
Term
Social Skills Training
Definition
Use of techniques of operant conditioning to teach social skills to persons who lack them.
Term
Role Playing
Definition
Therapeutic technique in which the therapist and client act as if they were people in problematic situations.
Term
Cognitive Restructuring
Definition
A CBT method in which faulty cognitiions-maladaptive beliefs, expectations, and ways of thinking- are changed by pointing out their irrationality.
Term
Family Therapy
Definition

Emphasizes an understanding of the roles of each of the members of the family system, usually conducted with all members of the family present.

Can be psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, or cognitive.

Term
Drug Therapy
Definition
Medical therapy that uses medications to treat abnormal behavior.
Term
Psychosurgery
Definition
A medical therapy that involves operating on the brain in an attempt to alleviate some types of mental disorders.
Term
Social Psychology
Definition
Studies individuals as they interact with others.
Term
Deindividuation
Definition

State in which people in a group can feel anonymous and unidentifiable and therefore feel less concerned with what others think of their behavior.

Term
Diffusion of Responsibility
Definition
The effect of being in a group that apparently reduces the sense of personal responsibility of each group member or act appropriately.
Term
Social Facilitation
Definition
An effect in which working in a group improves one's performance on individual projects.
Term
Social Loafing
Definition
The tendency of members of groups to work less hard when group performance is measured than when individual performance is measured.
Term
Groupthink
Definition
The faulty decision-making processes that may occur in groups.
Term
Polarization
Definition
The tendency for group discussion to make beliefs and attitudes more extreme.
Term
Conformity
Definition
Yielding to group pressure even when no direct request to comply has been made.
Term
Social Norms
Definition
Guidelines provided by every culture for judging acceptable and unacceptable behavior.
Term
Obedience
Definition
Doing what one is told to do by people in authority.
Term
Attitudes
Definition

Beliefs that predispose one to act and feel in certain ways.

Term
Persuasion
Definition
The process of changing another person's attitudes through arguments and other related means.
Term
Characteristics of the Speaker
Definition
Credibility, sleeper effect, intentions
Term
Sleeper effects
Definition
The potential for low-credibility speakers to influence opinion over a period of time.
Term
Characteristics of the Message
Definition
Fear appeals, one or two sides, framing
Term
Characteristics of the Listener
Definition
Intelligence, need for approval, self-esteem, audience size
Term
Persuastion Techniques
Definition
Foot-in-the-door, low-ball.
Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition
The discomfort that results from inconsistencies between attitudes and behavior.
Term
Prejudice
Definition
A harmful attitude based on inaccurate generalizations about a group of people.
Term
Stereotype
Definition
Inaccurate generalization on which a prejudice is based.
Term
Person Perception
Definition
The process of forming impressions of others.
Term
Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
The tendency to underestimate that impact of situations on others while overestimating the impact on oneself.
Term
Primacy Effect
Definition
Tendency for first impressions to heavily influence opinions about other people.
Term
Passionate Love
Definition
The mixture of romantic, sexual, and other feelings of love.
Term
Companionate Love
Definition
The blend of friendship, intimacy, commitment, and security that generally devellops after passionate love.
Term
Equity Theory
Definition
Theory that partners will be comfortable in their relationship only when the ratio between their perceived contributions and benefits is equal.
Term
Industrial-Organizational Psychologists
Definition
Study organizations and seek ways to improve the functioning and human benefits of business.
Term
Employee Selection & Evaluation
Definition
Interviews, IQ, skills/abilities, behavioral observations, job performance ratings, organizational citizenship, conscientiousness.
Term
Participative Management
Definition
Practice of involving employees at all levels in management decisions.
Term
Managemtn by objectives
Definition
Strategy of giving employees specific goals but giving them considerable freesom in deciding how to reach those goals.
Term
Transformational Management
Definition
A style in which the manager attempts to positivtely transform employees for the better by setting a good example, clearly stating goals and helping employees achieve them, seeking innovative solutions, and mentoring and empowering employees.
Term
Human Factors Engineering
Definition
Branch of industrial-organizational psychology interesting in the design of machines to be operated by human beings.
Term
Mastery Learning
Definition
Concept that children should never progress from one learning task to another until they have mastered the more basic task.
Term
Criterion-referenced testing
Definition
Testing designed to determine whether a child can meet the minimum standards of a specific educational objective.
Term
Mainstreaming
Definition
Practice of integrating children with special needs into regular classrooms.
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