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Final Exam
Public Opinion
76
Political Studies
Undergraduate 1
05/06/2012

Additional Political Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Normative
Definition
Public Opinion should influence what government does in a democracy 
Term
Empirical
Definition
Many people behave as though public opinion matters, and thus the measures, records, and reactions to public are a factor in politics
Term
Ideal Democratic Citizen
Definition
The virtuous, citizen activated by concern for the common good; recognizes that democracy comes with obligations as well as rights; As a group
Term
Apolitical, Self-Interested Actors
Definition
Inattentive and ill-informed, politically intolerant and rigid, unlikely to get involved in political life; As an Individual
Term
Horse-Race Polls
Definition
Asking about voting intentions in an effort to add drama to the campaign... everything becomes a reaction to the voter intentions
Term
Agents of Political Socialization
Definition

Family

Schools

Churches, Neighborhoods, Workplaces

Peer Groups

Major Events

Term
Family
Definition
Cheif agent of socialization, especially in terms of party identification
Term
Schools
Definition
Citizenship and practices
Term
Churches, Neighborhoods, and Workplaces
Definition
Self-selection and reinforcement of beliefs
Term
Peer Groups
Definition
Conformity and the Influentials
Term
Major Events
Definition
Every generation has defining moments and subsequent effects
Term
Self-Interest
Definition
"what's in it for me?"; political preferences tend to begin with economics
Term
Ideology
Definition
Most of us self-identify as either conservative or liberal; conservatives tend to believe in limited government, while liberals tend to have faith in government action and social tolerance
Term
Education
Definition
Higher levels of education tend to correlate with tolerance and active citizens
Term
Age
Definition
Supposedly, opinions on issues and ideology don't change much, but engagement does?
Term
Gender
Definition
The gender gap and the marriage gap are statistically significant
Term
Gender Gap
Definition
As women attained greater independence and education, the gap in participation has disappeared and the gap in ideology has grown (women tend to be more liberal)
Term
Marriage Gap
Definition
Women who are married or widowed tend to be more ideologically conservative
Term
Race and Ethinicity
Definition
The differences are not consistent, but are drastic on certain issues
Term
Religion
Definition
Differences between followers of major religions in the US have softened, but still exist; now "church people" VS "seculars"
Term
Geographical Region
Definition
coast VS core; urban VS rural
Term
Random Sample
Definition
Sample of the population that does not overrepresent any portion of the population
Term
Sample Bias
Definition

Using a sample that overrepresents a portion of the population thus leading to errors in results and skewed information

EXAMPLE: cell phones

Term
CAN BE VERY REPRESENTATIVE OF 300 MILLION IF RANDOMLY DRAWN AND REPRESENTATIVE
Definition
1000-2000
Term
Pseudo-Polls
Definition
Self-Selection and Push Polls
Term
Self-Selection
Definition

How can this be representative??; 

EXAMPLE: Crowdsourcing

Crowdsourcing: getting your own people to vote

Term
Push Polls
Definition
Present false or negative information, often in hypothetical form, and ask respondents to reach to it... therefore manipulate public opinion
Term
Challenges of Public Opinion
Definition
Internet can be good and bad (people are more responsive, but samples can be biased and self-selected); cell phones are more difficult to contact
Term
Accuracy of Public Opinion
Definition
Generally very accurate; right in every Presidential since 1980 EXCEPT 2000; Bush VS Gore... but recent struggles
Term
Rational Ignorance
Definition
Our society and lives may best be served when most of us choose not to know about the detailed workings of politics... we all have lives, jobs, families, hobbies, etc.
Term
Two Step Flow of Information
Definition
We trust the OPINION LEADERS and Influentials to filter information and be experts for us
Term
Age
Definition

Likelihood increases with age 

18-29 group has only exceeded 50% in 3 elections

Term
Gender
Definition
Women more likely than men
Term
Education
Definition

Education is historically one of the strongest predictors

 

College educated voted at 92% in 2004... slightly less in 2008

Term
Legal Obstacles
Definition

Registration laws in the US decrease voter turnout

 

Voter fatigue: 8-12 times every four years in US

 

Voting on Tuesdays limits turnout

 

Limited access to vote-by-mail

Intentional or unexpected effects of current laws?

Term
Partisanship and Social Group Membership
Definition

Party affiliation is the largest factor

 

We like candidates who look like us

 

Mitt Romney and "The Mormon Question"

-29% won't vote for him bec he's mormon

Term
Prospective Voting
Definition
Voter base their decisions on policies they believe will be enacted and supported by their candidate IN THE FUTURE
Term
Retrospective Voting
Definition
Voters base thier decisions on the state of current events and hold those in power accountable (Clinton and the economy, Reagan and "are you better")
Term
Getting Nominated
Definition

Primaries didn't used to be binding

 

The "party insiders" are no longer as powerful

Term
Pre-Primary Season
Definition
The Invisible Primary
Term
The Invisible Primary
Definition
Talk to fellow politicians, gather early support, collect campaign cash, leak the rumor to the media, visit Iowa, form exploratory committee, make the anouncement
Term
Party Caucus
Definition
Party members meet and discuss/ debate, then vote for a nominee
Term
Presidential Primary
Definition
Voters cast ballots for delegates
Term
Open Primary
Definition
Any voter can vote in any primary regardless of party affiliation
Term
Closed Primary
Definition
Only voters registered with the associated party affiliation may vote in that party's primary
Term
The Convetion
Definition

Choice of Vice President nominee

 

Motivate the base, formalize the selection

 

Establish the next leaders and front-runners (Obama)

Term
Electoral College
Definition

270 to win

(538 total)

Term
Electoral College
Definition
Electors meet in their state capitols in December, votes are sent to the Senate. If no majority then House chooses President, while Senate chooses VP
Term
Electoral College
Definition

Winner-take-all elections (except in Maine and Nebraska) allow for loss of popular but victory in Electoral College

 

 

Term
Electoral College
Definition

One man, One vote? NO

 

Large states get the attention

Term
Who Runs the Campaign
Definition

Professional staff and big names

 

Campaign Manager, Fundraiser, Field Director, Pollster, Oppo Research, Research, Media Consultants, ETC. 

 

It takes an army, but at the end of the day staff exists to manage 3 resources:

TIME,PEOPLE, MONEY

Term

TIME, PEOPLE, MONEY

More Important?

Definition
TIME
Term
Valence Issues
Definition

Issues on which we ALL agree

-strong economy

-fighting terrorism

-etc.

Term

Position Issues

 

Definition

Issues with two sides where candidates attempt to drive  wedge in voters 

-abortion

-spending

-military use

-etc.

Term

Wedge Issues

 

Definition

Issues which drive a wedge WITHIN a party

-Republican being pro-choice

-Huntsman on global warming

Term

Issue Ownership

 

Definition
Defining the issues that voters should be most concerned about in an election
Term
The Bear in the Woods
Definition

Reagan

Bear: Soviets

Term
Morning in America
Definition
Reagan
Term

Daisy

 

Definition

Johnson

Only aired once

Term
Hard Money
Definition

Directly to candidate ($2,500 max)...

Citizens United will change everything

Term
Soft Money
Definition

527s, interest groups, etc. spending on behalf of issues, GOTV, etc. 

(NOT CANDIDATE CHOICE)

Term
The Game Has Changed
Definition

FDR probably wouldn't be elected today...

 

Mass Media doesn't control the message to the same degree it used to 

 

 

Term
Changes in sources of Information
Definition

Newspapers: decline

Television: same

Radio: decline

Internet: rise

Term
Radio
Definition

In the early 1900's, radio was the first real hit to newspapers due to personal nature and rapid info

 

Over 11,000 stations today... splintered market

 

Term

What current change is killing radio?

 

Definition
iTunes
Term
Television
Definition

98% of households now have a television

 

40% have 3 or more

 

With the growth of cable, many stations and programs now focus on politics exclusively

 

Talk show circuits are now a requirement for running

Term
The problem with Bias?
Definition
an inherent limitation on readership... you will alienate someone
Term
Yellow Journalism
Definition

Sensationalism in journalism... reporting on sex, crime, gossip, and human interest

 

Used to lure readers after Civil War

Term
Corporate Power
Definition
Every major news source is now owned by a corporate conglomerate (except the Christian Science Monitor)
Term
Advertisements
Definition
Advertising provides 5x the revenue that circulation does... 
Term

How many corporations own all of the major media sources?

 

Definition
10 (Time-Warner, Disney, GE, etc.)
Term
Four Consequences of Corporate Power
Definition

Commercial Bias

 

Reduced political news to keep larger audiences and ad $

 

Infotainment

 

Conflicts of Interest

Term
Equal Time Rule
Definition
All candidates have to be allowed to buy or use airtime if one is allowed
Term
Fairness Doctrine
Definition
Ended in 1980s... sought equal coverage of opposing sides
Term
Right of Rebuttal
Definition
Individuals who have reputation damaged on the air have a right to respond
Term
Regulation of Broadcast Media
Definition

Equal Time Rule

 

Fairness Doctrine

 

Right of Rebuttal

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