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Definition
| A system or a functioning whole composed of both natural environment and all the organisms living within it |
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| cultural change over time; not to be confused with progress |
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| he notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their cultural development towards perfection |
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| □ The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures |
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| □ The development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by people whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike |
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Definition
a geographic region in which a number of societies follow similar patterns of life
Changing environments and habitat destruction cause cultural areas not to be so stable |
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hunting, fishing, gathering wild plant foods
characteristics: mobility, small size,seasonal adjustments, flexible division of labor, food sharing, egalitarianism,rarity of warfare |
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| the number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food-getting techniques |
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| § The new stone age prehistoric period beginning about 10 thousand years ago in which peoples possessed stone-based technologies and depended on domesticated plants and/or animals |
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| § The profound cultural change beginning about 10 thousand years ago and associated with the early domestication of plants and animals and settlement in permanent villages |
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□ Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes
Grow just enough for themselves; maybe a surplus |
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| slash and burn cultivation |
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Definition
| also called swidden farming; □ An extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation is cut, the slash consequently burned, and crops are then planted among the ashes |
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Definition
| the cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for crop production. Involves using technologies other than hand tools such as irrigation, fertilizers, and the wooden or metal plow pulled by harnessed draft animals |
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Definition
| □ Breeding and managing large herds of domesticated grazing and browsing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, horses, llamas, or camels |
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| □ A rural cultivator whose surpluses are transferred to a dominant group of rulers that uses the surpluses both to underwrite its own standard of living and to distribute the remainder to groups in society that do not farm but must be fed for their specific goods and services in turn. |
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Definition
§ Large-scale businesses involved in food production, including farming, contract farming, seed supply, agrichemicals, farm machinery, distribution, processing, and marketing. Also known as corporate farming, it stands in contrast to smaller family owned farms
Reason for decline in number of farms |
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Definition
| § A culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. Such marriage rights and obligations most often include, but are not limited to sex, labor, property, child rearing, exchange and status. Marriage is universal; Refers to people for same sex marriages |
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Definition
| biologically related relatives, commony referred to as blood relatives |
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| people related through marriage |
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Definition
| the prohibition of sexual relations between specificed individuals, usually parent and child and sibling realtions at a minimum |
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Definition
| marriage within a particular group or category of individuals |
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Definition
| marriage outside the group |
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Definition
| marriage in which both partners have just one spouse |
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Definition
| a marriage form in which a man or a women marries with a series of partners in succession |
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Definition
| one individual having multiple spouses at the same time |
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Definition
| marriage of a man to two or more wome at the same time |
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Definition
| the marraige of one women to two ore more men at one time |
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Definition
| marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another. also called co marriage |
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| marriage by proxy to the symbols of someone not physically present to establish the social status of a spouse and heirs |
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Definition
| Child of a father's brother or a mother's sister |
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| Child of a mother's brother or a father's sister |
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| § Money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride's family upon marriage, also called bride-price |
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| A designated period of time when the groom works for the bride's family |
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Definition
| § Payment of a women's inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or to her husband |
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Definition
| ○ Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. The family may take many forms, ranging from a single parent with one or more children, to a married couple or polygamous spouses with or without offspring, to several generations of parents and their children. |
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Definition
| ○ The basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, childrearing, and shelter are organized and carried out |
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Definition
| A family established through marriage |
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Definition
| ○ A family of "blood relatives" consisting of related women, their brothers, and the women's offspring; Not very common |
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Definition
| § A group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children. Until recently this term referred only to the father, mother, and children |
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Definition
| Two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together in a large domestic group |
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| ○ A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the husband's father's place of residence; Men are dominant role |
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Definition
| ○ A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the wife's mother's place of residence; Women's role is dominant |
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Definition
| ○ A residence pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence; Family membership is flexible; common on food foraging people |
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Definition
| A pattern in which a married couple establishes the household in a location apart from either the husband's or the wife's relatives |
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Definition
| ○ Any kin ordered social group with a membership in the direct line of decent from a real(historical) or fictional common ancestor |
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| ○ Descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the male or female line |
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Definition
| ○ Descent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership; Females are culturally recognized as socially significant |
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Definition
| ○ Descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership, also known as agnatic or male descent; Responsibility on male |
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Definition
| A Unilineal kinship group descended from a common ancestor or founder who lived four to six generations ago, in which relationships among members can be exactly stated in genealogical terms |
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Definition
| ○ An extended unilineal kinship group, often consisting of several lineages, whose members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythological |
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Definition
| ○ Person has the option of being affiliated with either the mother's or the father's descent group; Measure of flexibility |
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Definition
| ○ Rare system in which descent is matrilineal for some purposes and patrilineal for others |
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Definition
| ○ People trace their descent from all ancestors, regardless of their gender of side of the family |
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Definition
| ○ Immigrants who have relocated from their ancestral homelands and retain their distinct cultural identities as ethnic minority groups in their new host countries |
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Definition
| the splitting of a descent group into two or more new descent groups |
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Definition
| ○ The belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits |
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Definition
| ○ A unilineal descent group composed of at least two clans that supposedly share a common ancestry, whether or not they really do |
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Definition
| Each group that results from a division of a society into two halves on the basis of descent |
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Term
| characteristics of food foraging |
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Definition
| mobility, small group size>carrying capacity, flexible division of labor by gender, food sharing, egalitarian social relations |
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Term
| characteristics of horticultural societies |
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Definition
| increased control over the enviornment, rearrange natural foods into a controlled, concentrated garden, simple hand tools, no sharp line between foraging and gathering |
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Term
| characteristics of pastoral societies |
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Definition
| based upon domestic herd animals, increase in population, precise control over reproduction of animals, |
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Definition
transition was 10 thousand years ago
first sheep and goats, later cattle, pigs, canels, horse |
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Term
| ownership/conservation/territroiality |
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Definition
| ownership increases conservative behavior, animal used over long period of time; ownership also adds value to land, |
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Term
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Definition
| livestock is resource; size is measure of man, wealth and power, this is beginnings of warfare |
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Term
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Definition
| adaption that makes the most of available forage for the herd animals by frequent mobility |
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Definition
| a variety of pastoralism in which herds are moved seasonally; move them to where resources are |
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Definition
evans pritchards, sudan africa
vast network of politcally autonomous villages; both pasoralism and horticulture; raise catttle |
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Term
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Definition
| anemia; weakening of bones; signals anthropologists that person was malnutritioned |
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Definition
| nuer group of people who have authority; moral and spiritual |
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Term
| characteristics of agriculture |
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Definition
| cultivation of soil, fertilizers, storage, fixed settlenments, can be large coporations, more levels of technology, sendentary, stratified societies, carrying capacity increased, property owenership, poor nutrition>less diverse diet |
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Term
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Definition
| western assumes to role, others recognized 3 or 4; the sociocultural construct of masculne and feminine roles and the qualities assigned to these roles |
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Term
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Definition
| the task and behabior assigned by a culture to each sex |
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Definition
sex temperment in 3 cultures in new guinea; arapesh: women stero, but men maternal; mundugumor: both male sterop; tchambuli: opposite roles of american way
NOT ENTIRELY TRUSTWORTHY |
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Term
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Definition
| biological aspect of being a female, male, or other assigned at birth based on external genitalia |
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Term
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Definition
| control over resources determined by gender roles; |
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Definition
| gender roles affect who controls valued resources, which in turn determines who has status and power |
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Term
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Definition
| erotic desires and sexual practices |
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Term
| control of sexual relations |
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Definition
| human females have concealed ovulation, chooses to engage in sexual activity; homosexuality is not uncommon |
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Term
| sexual attraction and behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| marriage and the regulation of sexual relation |
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Definition
| america/europe: sex outside is taboo; premarital sex looked down, extramarital relations often criminalized |
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Term
| function of kinship systems |
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Definition
| organize people into groups, direct people's behavior, provide security for members of a kin group |
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Term
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Definition
| the culturally assigned behaviors and expectations for a person's social position; example: mother |
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Term
| ascribed vs achieved status |
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Definition
ascribed: status born with
achieved: status your earned thru skills |
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Term
| LOOK UP PICTURES OF DESCENT |
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Definition
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Definition
| relatives calculate their degree of relationship to Ego; Only siblings share the exact same number of set relatives |
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Term
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Definition
| systems with two seperate lines in which some members of the society acquire and pass descent affiliation through females, whereas other do so through males |
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Definition
| a descent group consisting of two or more lineages that trace their origin to a mythical ancestor; lack residen. unity of lineages, rely upon sumbols to prove identification |
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Definition
focus on nuclear family, each relative seperate term, outside family with one terminology, all cousins one word;
NAME REFLECTS IMPORTANT IN YOUR LIFE |
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Term
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Definition
| unilineal descent and strong lineage affiliation; father and fathers brother name same; bro/sis/par cous of same sex have same name |
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Definition
| more widely used than inuit or iroquois; kinship with all of same sex and generation referred to same term; DO NOT HAVE STRONG UNILINEAL DESCENT; all men in generation have same name; all women; all brothers and male cousins etc. |
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Definition
| every culture have idea about status of relatives; WHO IS RECOGNIZED BY KIN |
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Definition
| not real kin; like adoption |
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Definition
○ An organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural. Along with associated ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control;
cultural universal; BELIF THRU FAITH |
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Term
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Definition
| provides an orderly model of the universe; needs consistency and to explain why |
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Definition
| a belief that transcends the obervable, natural world; UNIVERSAL; provides cohesions and support |
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Definition
| explanatroy narrative that rationalize religious beliefs and practices |
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Definition
| expresses part of the world view of people and their place in nature |
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Definition
| more remote than other spirit beings; control of the universe |
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Term
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Definition
| the collection of gods and goddesses of a people |
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Definition
| consistent with widespread notion that human beings are made up of both a physical body and a mental component/spiritual self |
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Definition
a type of magic based on the notion that working magic on a image of an animal or person will cause the same effect on the actual animal or person;
VOODOO |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of magic based on the idea that something that had contact with a person or animal contains some essence of that being and that magic performed on the item will have the same effect as if performed on the being |
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Term
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Definition
| an explanation of events based on the belieft that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death |
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Definition
africa
central part of culture; physical prop reside in some individuals and gets more powerful with age> the base of misfortune
oracles: device for revaltions; posion oracle, |
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Term
| witchcraft in its social setting |
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Definition
| provides an explanation for the unexplainable, effective agent of social control, guide individual behavior, leveling mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| a part time practictioner of the supernatural who has special powers mediate between the supernatural world and the community |
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Term
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Definition
| a full time supernatural practitioner who is part of a bureaucracy; high position of power and influence |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior that is formalized, is regualry repeated and has symbolic content |
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Definition
ritual that marks an imporant stage in an individuals life cycle
stage 1: seperation, stage 2:transition, stage 3: incorporation |
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Definition
a ritual that takes place during a crisis in the life of the group and serves to bind individuals together; focus on group
reinforeces: group solidarity, values of culture, social/politcal status in group |
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Term
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Definition
an organized movement, which occurs during times of change, that involves perceived loss of tradition cultural values
examples: ghost dance |
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Term
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Definition
| a spritual movement in reaction to disruptive contact with western capitalism, promising resurrection of deceased relatives, destruction or enslavement of white foreigners, and the magical arrival of utopian riches |
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| religion and social control |
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Definition
religion affects action
used to mobilize society
example: crusadess |
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Term
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Definition
| pulled europe out of the dark ages |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes |
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Definition
the way power is accumulated, arranged, executed, and structurally distributed and embedded in society;
how society maintains and creates social order |
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Term
| four systems of political systems |
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Definition
| uncentralized, centralized, band, tribes, cheifdom, states |
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Term
| uncentralized political systems |
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Definition
lacks any real government with established leader with rights to power
BANDS AND TRIBES |
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Term
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Definition
oldest form
small, loosely organized, common territory, leader is informal
leaders> bullies
conflicts> ridicule, meidation |
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Term
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Definition
refers to range of kin ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory;
agricultural/pastoral
larger but egalitarian
informal political organization |
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Term
| centralized political systems |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
□ A regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people;
closer to cheif more power; hereditary position, true authrority figure |
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Definition
Political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory
clearly established system, makes law, military, large population, formal, class system |
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Term
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Definition
a people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial based and history;
state and nation rarely coincide
example: native americans in US |
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Term
| politcal systems and legitimacy |
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Definition
coersion> risky, short lived, fear
positive expectation of people> religious beliefs, right to rule, longer life if people are happy |
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Term
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Definition
interwoven, legitimize political order, religion may influence political rules/laws
example: medieval europe, pope, divine right |
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Term
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Definition
cultural control: controls through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals
social control: external control through open coercion |
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Term
| externalized control (sanctions) |
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Definition
| sanctions: designed to encourage conformity to social norms; positive: incentives; Negative: threats |
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Term
| witchcraft and social control |
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Definition
| agent of social control in both systems; gain too much wealth, etc. |
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Term
| social control through law |
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Definition
| legal proceedings, views differ culturally, focus is on punishment for offense |
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Term
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Definition
| formal rules of conduct that, when violated, effectuate negative sanctions |
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Term
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Definition
defines relationship with member and behavior in society
authroity to emply coercion to enforce
redefince socal relations and social flexibility |
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Term
| punishing crimes and settling disputes |
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Definition
| everyone violates norms; disputes may solve by mutal agreement or binding decision that needs to be respected |
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Definition
| third party decision in dispute that must be upheld |
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Term
| violent crime and warfare |
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Definition
150 million people in 20th century
violent track record |
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Term
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Definition
| physical extermination of one people by another, either as a deliberate act or the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact on others |
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Term
| culture and change/adaption |
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Definition
culture is medium through which humans adapt to change, usually steady unless significant factor
all cultures capable of adapting, consquence of change that works favorably for a population |
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Term
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Definition
innovation, diffusion, and cultural loss;
innovation is voluntary |
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Term
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Definition
| The creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea, method, or device |
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Term
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Definition
| The deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method, or device |
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Definition
The spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another;
can pick and choose what they want |
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Definition
| acceptance of new innovation results in cultural loss> abandonment |
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Term
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Definition
| forced to accept changes due to conquest and colonialsm |
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Term
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Definition
| massive culture change that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive first hand contact with a more powerful society |
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Definition
the violent eradication of an ethnic groups cultural identity as a distinctive people;
dominant society destroys another cultural heritage |
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Term
| reactions to repressive change |
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Definition
marginalization: move to remote areas; left alone
some fight back; usually force to sign treaty
example: little bighorn
maintain cultural boundaries; hold on to language and practices |
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Term
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Definition
| in acculturation, the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms |
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Term
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Definition
| organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power |
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Term
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Definition
radical change in a society or culture in the political arena, it involves the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one
causes: massive exploitation |
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Definition
| the process of political and socioeconomic change, wherby developing societies acquire some of the cultural characteristics of western industrial societies |
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Term
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Definition
stone ax in australia
symbol of masculinity and power for elders
switched to steel axes and caused disruption in status relaitons and confusion regarding age and sex roles |
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Term
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Definition
reindeer in scandinavia
snowmobile change caused more dependency on outside world, huge decline in reindeer, people just left for other work |
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Term
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Definition
the worldwide process of accelerated modernization in which all parts of the earth are becoming interconnected in one vast interrelated all encompassing system
evidence: movement of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, infectious disease |
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Term
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Definition
| influence and authority of one nation over another; often associated with explotation of natural and human resources |
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Term
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Definition
| information and dominace of one nation over another for the purpose of exploting raw resources |
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Term
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Definition
ideological dominations by one cultural group over another through institutions, bureaucracy, education, and sometimes forces;
imperialism and colonialsim combined |
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Term
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Definition
all nations are economically and politically interdependent;
events: age of discovery, industrialization, expanding capitalism |
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Term
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Definition
mode of organizing systematic production of commondity surpluses for market profts, wealth creation, and reinvestment rather than subsistence;
accumulation of the means of production>material, land,tools>in the hands of few |
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Term
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Definition
immanuel wallerstein: global development past 500 years; international trade had led to creation of a capitalist world economy in which a social system based on wealth and power differenital extends beyond individual states;
core: most dominant, strongest, advanced
semi periphery: industrialized but lacks power
periphery: less mechanized, raw materials,
PRODUCT OF EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM AND COLONIALSIM |
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