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Definition
| Term referring to the ability to achieve what one seeks to achieve |
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Definition
| The power/ability to encourage another to undertake or not undertake an action through "force or threat" |
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Definition
The power/ability to "prevent/discourage" another from undertaking an action they might otherwise prefer to undertake
Emphasis is on “prevent/discourage” |
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| The power/ability to "intentionally encourage" another to undertake or not undertake an action |
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Definition
The power/ability to produce an effect "without the apparent exertion of force or direct exercise of threat or command"
Or
The power/ability to encourage another to undertake action or not to act in a given situation |
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Term
| Ray Cline's Perceptual Power Formula |
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Definition
PP = (C+E+M) X (S+W)
PP = Perceived Power
C = Critical mass – pop(#, education, etc & territory
E = Economic capability (resources, etc)
M = Military capability
S = Strategic Purpose
W = Will to pursue national strategy |
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Definition
| Power is ever changing and never constant. Economies go through cycles. Diplomacy may fail. Changes in political office occur constantly. |
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Definition
Power defines relations between and among states. Powerful state> less powerful state> weak state.
The powerful state does not always influence the weaker or less powerful state |
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Definition
| "Right kind" of power must be used in the "right kind" of situation. The intensity or type of conflict determines the appropriate type of power to use. |
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Definition
Population
Geography
Natural Resources
Industrial Capabilities
Military Capabilities
Will
Leadership
Diplomacy
Internal Organization
Strategy |
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Term
| Economic Strength as an End and Means |
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Definition
End:
Countries that have it can
Purchase goods + services
Produce or purchase material needs
Improve one’s quality of life
Provide for one’s own security
Etc
Means:
Helps countries influence and sometimes even control the decisions of others
Directly – Sanctions, promises of trade, aid
Indirectly –others may pay deference
Along w/ other elements of power, Econ strength determines the extent to which a nation can control its own future |
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Term
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Definition
1. Decline in US economic domination
2. Increase in economic prosperity of other nations
3. Rise of OPEC
4. Collapse of the Soviet Union |
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Term
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Definition
| Country A employs means of production to produce products it produces most efficiently, trading it for what it needs from Country B which should be producing what it produces most efficiently |
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| Comparative Advantage Criticisms |
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Definition
-supply and demand must exist
-reasonable transaction and transportation costs
-ideally, free trade must exist |
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Definition
| governments allow the market forces of supply and demand to determine the relative price of national currencies |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more governments agree to set the price of their currencies in relation to each other |
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Definition
| Believe trade leads to specialization, which under the theory of comparative advantage improves a state's economic position |
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Definition
| Imperialist/Capitalist nations have a stranglehold over economic trade and therefore continue to become wealthier while the developing world becomes poorer |
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Term
| Structuralist Trade School |
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Definition
| International trade exploits the South's backwardness and their dependence on the West. In the best of both worlds, the poor get richer, but at a slower pace than the rich are |
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Term
| International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the World Bank |
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Definition
-created in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference
-provides long term loans to Developing World States |
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Term
| The International Monetary Fund (IMF) |
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Definition
| -supports international monetary stability and establishes a stable exchange rates among nations |
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Definition
-Established fixed exchange rates
-Established IMF and IBRD
-Fails very quickly |
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Term
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Definition
• 1971 Smithsonian Agreement to allow currencies to float w/in band
• 1972 European Joint Float established
• 1973 Free Floating System agreed upon
Ended fixed rate exchange system |
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Term
| General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) |
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Definition
Estab in 1947 to lower trade barriers
8 “Rounds” of discussions
Last = Uruguay Round, 1987-93
Created WTO to supercede GATT
Went long way toward creating open/free trade system
Pledged to reduce tariffs by estimated $750B by 2003
Helped to create an "open international economic system" |
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Term
| World Trade Organization (WTO) |
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Definition
| -superseded GATT to oversee and implement the reductions in tariff and other nontariff barriers that it negotiated |
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Term
| Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation Agreement (APEC) |
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Definition
| dismantle barriers to international trade between member states by 2010 |
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Term
| Free Trade Area of the Americas Agreement (FTAA) |
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Definition
| Proposal of putting into operation in 2010 a free trade zone throughout the Western Hemisphere (with Cuba excluded) |
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Definition
| type of power that refers to the capacity to kill, maim, coerce, and destroy |
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Term
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Definition
-Actual or Perceptual
-Dynamic
-Relational
-Contextual |
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Term
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Definition
-Influence
-Persuasion
-Deterrence
-Coercion
-Compel |
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Term
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Definition
| term referring to the trend toward lower defense expenditures |
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Term
| Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) |
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Definition
| Placed a cap on the quantity of Soviet and US delivery vehicles, and an accompanying protocol limited the number of antiballistic missile systems each side could deploy |
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Term
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Definition
| agreement that effected some limitations on qualitative improvements that was never ratified by the US Senate |
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Term
| Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) |
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Definition
| Treaty that limited each side to a total of no more than 1,600 ICBMs, SLBMs, and strategic bombers. Combined, these vehicles were not allowed to carry more than 6,000 "START-countable" warheads |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced the total number of strategic nuclear warheads to 3,500 or less and banned multiple-warhead missiles |
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Definition
| the certainty that one country has sufficient military capabilities to convince another country that it would not be worth its while to attack |
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Term
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Definition
| both sides in a potential war must be convinced of the futility of attack initiation |
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Term
| Mutual Assured Destruction |
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Definition
| both sides in a potential nuclear war must be convinced even before a war begins that the other could absorb a first strike and still have enough nuclear weaponry left to destroy the initiating side as a functioning modern society |
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Term
| Who said, "War is the continuation of politics by other means"? |
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Definition
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Definition
| The integrated application of the instruments of national power (political, economic, psychological, diplomatic, military, etc.) in pursuit of national interests |
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| International Political Economics |
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Definition
| This term includes population growth, food availability, mineral resource availability, and technical capabilities, as well as economic development and global distribution of wealth |
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Definition
| a system of agreements between international actors, usually states, that defines how relations between and among them will be conducted |
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Definition
| laid the intellectual foundation for the rights and responsibilities of states to each other |
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Definition
| argued that all law was derived from God's law and that law was therefore universal and unchangeable. St. Augustine argued that war was justifiable in self-defense or to punish evil |
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Definition
| rejected the divine authority as the basis for law and argued that the only law that existed was what its subjects consented to |
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Definition
| posited that two levels of law existed, one that was God-given, timeless and universal, and the other that was man-made, finite, and voluntary |
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Definition
| asserted that rules were irrelevant, but policy and values were important. International law was the product of the desires of the prevalent power(s). |
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Term
| International Conventions |
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Definition
| bilateral or multilateral treaties and agreements that specifically commit a signatory actor to a particular type of conduct or to a particular set of standards |
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Definition
| term that refers to the general standard of behavior and action accepted by actors. (Diplomatic and Consular Immunity and Ocean and high sea laws) |
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Definition
| Expectation of reciprocal fair treatment of foreign nationals, equal application of laws, and protection of personal property and life |
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Definition
| Most international tribunals accept "stare decisis," the International Court of Justice does not |
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Term
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Definition
| theory argues that a state or new government is not a legal entity until it is recognized |
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Term
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Definition
| the key element for statehood is when a government can effectively rule its indigenous people |
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Definition
| Concludes that if war is unavoidable, then its destructiveness and brutality should be limited as much as possible. Created laws of war... uniformed soldiers, war declaration, no harm to noncombatants, etc |
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| Bellum Justum (Just War) and Bellum Injustum |
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Definition
| the (blurred) distinctions between just and unjust reasons to wage war |
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Definition
| the implementation of an international actor's policies toward other actors, establishes a set of expectations about what an international actor will and will not do |
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Definition
| stressed that rulers should use whatever means they had at their disposal to stay in power |
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Definition
| open international covenants, openly arrived at |
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Definition
| diplomacy in which many countries participate. Led to the development of IGOs |
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Term
| The Purposes of Modern Diplomacy |
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Definition
Representation
Information Gathering
Signaling and Receiving
Negotiating
Crisis Management
Public Diplomacy |
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Term
| Nature of Sociopolitical Parameters of Power |
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Definition
| intangible elements such as will, morale, and character that contribute to power |
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Term
| Sociopolitical Elements of Power |
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Definition
-more difficult to measure/define
-less tangible
-ephemeral
-domestic and international |
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Term
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Definition
| the degree of determination that any actor has in the pursuit of its internal or external objectives |
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Term
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Definition
| appeal that extends beyond a single state to several states, to strengthen their international positions |
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Term
| International Public Opinion |
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Definition
| the attitudes of the international community toward a given issue, actor, or situation |
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Term
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Definition
| predicted that food production will grow arithmetically, while the global population will grow exponentially leading to disease, starvation, and conflict on an unprecedented scale |
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Term
| Countries with greater quantities of technology and more sophisticated technology tend to have... |
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Definition
| ... higher standards of living |
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Term
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Definition
| everything between war and peace, without declaring war |
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Term
| The Five Categories of International Conflict |
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Definition
1. International Crisis
2. Low-Intensity Warfare
3. Terrorism
4. Civil War
5. International War |
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Term
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Definition
1) high priority goals of an actor must be threatened
2) a limited amount of time is available before action must be taken
3) the situation must be for the most part unanticipated
4) the situation must not escalate into armed conflict
Iranian Hostage Crisis |
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Term
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Definition
| the art of being able to move closer to the brink of war than one's potential opponent |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to manage and defuse tense international situations without going to war |
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Definition
| international violence limited in frequency or level |
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Term
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Definition
| violence inititiated by groups of all ideological persuasions for a variety of objectives against innocent targets |
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Definition
| This type of war made up over 85% of wars between 1945 and 1976 |
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Definition
| conflict between or among states carried out by their armed forces that is also an accepted form of conducting relations between and among states |
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Term
| The Causes of War and International Violence |
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Definition
1)Human Nature
2)Human Perceptual Limitations
3)Poverty and Disparities in Wealth
4)The Internal Structure of States
5)The International System |
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Term
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Definition
-St Augustine- manifestation of original sin
-Benedict de Spinoza- passion and reason were at odds
-Reinhold Niebuhr- dark, unconscious sources in the human psyche
-Confucius- deceit and cunning in man |
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Term
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Definition
| people have difficulty perceiving from more than one viewpoint |
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Term
| Poverty and Disparities in Wealth |
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Definition
-Industrialized states with relatively high living standards are less likely to go to war
-Over 90% of casualties and conflicts of warfare since WWII have occurred in developing states |
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Term
| Internal Structure of States |
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Definition
-Kant- ideal state structure was the Republic
-Wilson- Democracy
-Lenin- Communism |
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Term
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Definition
-Might made right in this system
-The international system of states themselves causes warfare because no higher authority than the state exists |
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Term
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Definition
| large scale general wars occur over more or less regular periods of time |
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Term
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Definition
-Religion and Values
-Military Power and Deterrence
-Arms control & Disarmament
-Economic Interdependence
-International Institutions
-Democracy
-Communism
-Redistribution of Wealth/Elimination of Poverty
-International Law
-World Government |
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Term
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) |
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Definition
| this document identifies and states a common standard of human rights for all peoples and all nations |
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Term
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Definition
| "basic human needs approach" to human rights, including availability of food, health services, educations, and a clean environment |
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Definition
| political and legal rights such as freedom of religion and speech, maintenance of democratic systems and practices, equality of opportunity, opposition to racial and ethnic discrimination and violence, etc... |
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Term
| Universal Vs. Relativist Human Rights |
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Definition
| Developing Countries argue that universal human rights are a creation of the Western world. Most of these DCs are authoritarian states, though. |
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Definition
| Declaration signed by 40 Asian states, declaring that core human rights such as freedom and democracy are regional. |
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Term
| Sovereignty and Human Rights |
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Definition
| States retain the ability to define and protect human rights as they see fit within their own borders |
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Term
| Enforcing Human Rights Standards and Agreements |
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Definition
| Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials created by UN after WWII to judge war crimes , but called by some, "a victor's justice." |
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Term
| International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) |
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Definition
| intended to punish anyone who committed any crimes against humanity, but excluded the death penalty from its sentencing |
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Term
| International Criminal Court (ICC) |
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Definition
This court, once in operation would have jurisdiction over crimes against humanity, war crimes, and genocide.
Entered into force Jul. 2002
China has neither signed nor ratified
US and Russia have signed, but not ratified |
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Definition
| This value focuses on the worth of the individual and his or her rights |
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Definition
| This value focuses on the well-being of the collective body, such as the state, by providing for society over the individual |
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Definition
| emphasis on spiritual values, often identified with religion and traditional societies |
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Definition
| Value and emphasis on material goods |
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Definition
| Value employing "progressive" change, often implying opposition to religion and other entrenched ways of organizing society |
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Definition
| the desire to maintain values, customs, mores, and living patterns that have been established over time |
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Definition
| disagreement over what is morally right and morally wrong |
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Term
| Causes for Environmental Degradation |
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Definition
Population Growth
Increased food production
accelerated energy and non-fuel mineral use
Expansion of Industry
Motorized transportation |
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Term
| Causes of Land Degradation |
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Definition
| Plowing, poor farming techniques, urbanization, deforestation |
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Term
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Definition
| Urbanization, farming, industrial and private consumption, emphasis of development over environment, lack of interest of elites |
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Definition
| gas emissions that prevent heat from dissipating into atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| committed industrialized states to stop producing CFCs by 1996 and gave Developing Countries another 10 years to halt production. World CFC production has decreased 75% |
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Term
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Definition
-178 states in attendance
-UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
-Convention on Biological Diversity
-Declaration on Environmental and Development Issues (sustainable development)
-Non-binding pledge to protect forests and woodlands
-"Agenda 21" |
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Term
| Kyoto Environmental Summit |
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Definition
Summit targeting "global warming"
-committed states to reduce green house gases by 2008-2012
-Clean Development Mechanism- States can meet their targets by using emission reductions achieved through project activities in LDCs |
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