Term
| How is Anthropology Divided? |
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Definition
1) the study of the living
2) the study of the dead |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of humanity from its evolutionary origins millions of years ago to its current worldwide diversity |
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Term
| Four Sub-fields of Anthropology |
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Definition
1) socio-cultural (human culture)
2) linguistics
3) archaeology
4) biological/physical (human origins/diversity) |
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Term
| Four Distinguishing Features of Anthropology |
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Definition
1) The Concept of Culture
2) Comparative Perspective
-universals vs. diversity
-culture change
-globalization
3) Holistic Perspective: views culture as an integrated whole, no part of which can be completely understood without considering the whole
4) Applied Anthropology: the application of techniques/theories of anthropology to solving real world problems
-forensic anthropology
-cultural resource management
-contract anthropology |
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Term
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Definition
1) the learned beliefs, values, rules of conduct etc., shared by some extent by members of a society
2) it is material, ideological, and behavioral |
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Term
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Definition
| when members of a society have to share or agree on a cultural model and norms to enforce it |
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Term
| What are the Characteristics of Culture? |
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Definition
-it is shared
-it is learned
-it is taken for granted
-it infuences biological processes
-it changes
-it has universals
-it is adaptive
-it is integrated |
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Term
| How do We Study Culture and Societies? |
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Definition
-living patterns and organization
-resource management
-cultural narratives
-material culture (artifacts)
e.g. technique: fieldwork |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the structure of sentences |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of a language's sound system |
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Term
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Definition
| investigates connections between language, culture, and world view |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological differences between men and women |
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Term
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Definition
| biological differences between females and males |
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Term
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Definition
the way members of the two sexes
are perceived, evaluated, and expected to behave. |
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Term
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Definition
| a social unit characterized by economic cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
| the most basic family unit, or a household (best way to understand is as a group of people that cooks and eats toegether) |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of related (marriage or blood) family units often living close by |
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Term
| Types of Childrearing Practices |
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Definition
1) Informal (observing and playing)
2) Formal (schooling, rites of passage, language, folklore etc.)
-folklore: narratives that relate traditional stories
-rites of passage: rituals that mark culturally significant transitions throughout the life cycle of a person |
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Term
| What do You Learn During Childrearing? |
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Definition
| messages conveyed are generally related to future economic and social roles |
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Term
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Definition
| a series of customs formalizing the relationship between adult partners |
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Term
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Definition
| the prohibition of sexual intimacy between people defined as close relatives, it is universal |
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Term
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Definition
| a rule requiring marriage outside one's own social or kinship group |
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Term
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Definition
| a rule requiring marriage inside one's own social or kinship group |
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Term
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Definition
| the selection of the spouse is outside the control of the bride and groom |
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Term
| Preferential Cousin Marriage |
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Definition
| preference to marrying parallel or cross cousins |
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Term
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Definition
| children of siblings of the opposite sex |
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Term
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Definition
| children of siblings of the opposite sex |
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Term
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Definition
| man marries brother's widow |
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Term
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Definition
| woman marries husband of dead sister |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one man and several wives |
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Term
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Definition
| one woman and several husbands |
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Term
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Definition
| many "one spouse" marriages |
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Term
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Definition
| groom gives bride's family |
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Term
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Definition
| groom works for bride's family for a period of time |
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Term
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Definition
| bride's family gives to groom or his family |
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Term
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Definition
| equal gift exchange between groom and bride families |
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Term
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Definition
| determines who one's relatives are and what one's relationship is to them |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| people related by marriage |
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Term
| Bilateral Kinship Systems |
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Definition
when people perceive
themselves as being related to both their mother’s and
father’s kin at the same time, are common in hunter-gatherer societies |
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Term
| !Kung Social Organization |
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Definition
• Bilateral kinship system
• Exogamous marriages
• Strict incest taboos
• Bridal service is expected
• Serial monogamist, but Polygamous marriages
allowed but uncommon
• Mainly Matrilocal residence or uxorilocal
• Close to being an egalitarian societies
inheritance is not critical |
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Term
| Esa Eja Kinship Characteristics |
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Definition
Practice adoption (fictive kinship): generally
through maternal grandparent.
• Partible paternity: belief that a child has more
than one biological father |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of beliefs in supernatural forces that function to provide peace of mind, meaning, and a sense of control over unexplained phenomena |
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Term
| Problems Defining Religion |
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Definition
-naturalized concept
-diverse worship approaches
-material and spiritual roles
-range of formality and structure |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of thoughts and values that legitimizes sex roles, statuses and customary behaviors |
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Term
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Definition
| an inborn, involuntary and unconcious capacity to harm people |
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Term
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Definition
| the performance of magical rites to harm people |
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Term
| Diversity of Child-Rearing |
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Definition
-naming traditions
-nursing length
-sleeping arrangements
-carrying/contact with people
-responsibilities |
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Term
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Definition
-individualistic: no role specializations
-shamanistic: part-time specialization (Huni Kui, Ayahuasca, ese eja shamanism)
-communal: groups perform rites for community
-ecclesiastical: full-time specialization (Buddhism, christianity) |
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Term
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Definition
used for guidance to the spiritual world
e.g. the Azande Poison Oracle |
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Term
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Definition
-Judeo-Christian: Islamic (no homosexuality)
-Etoro (New Guinea): encourage homosexuality
-Hindu: homosexuality accepted
-Ancient Greece: homosexuality encouraged and accepted |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of learning our culture |
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Term
| The Azande and Witchcraft |
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Definition
-believe witchcraft is everywhere
-everyone is a potential witch
-being a witch is involuntary/inherited
-can only be revealed with an autopsy (black spot)
-source of unexpected/unexplainable events |
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Term
| Decade of Destruction Film: What does it Depict? |
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Definition
1) social causes of deforestation
2) consequences of social inequality
3) environmental consequences of deforestation |
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Term
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Definition
Subdiscipline of Political Anthropology
Seeks to explain:
• How groups of all kinds resist and collude with
authority or the state.
• How political and economic processes created by
development projects and multinational
corporations shape the use of natural resources. |
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Term
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Definition
Refers to the different people and entities that
have a relationship to a particular
environmental resource. |
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Term
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Definition
Non-mainstream people who are at the fringe of their
own culture |
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Term
| Classes of Brazilian Stakeholders |
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Definition
• International Organizations + Industries
• International Governments
• Brazilian Government
• Brazilian Industries
• Environmental Organizations/Activists
• Researchers/Scientists
• Peasant Farmers/Charcoal Producers
• Garimperos (small-scale gold miners)
• Indigenous people |
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Term
| The Importance of Social Order |
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Definition
Every Society must develop a set of procedures and
cultural arrangements to:
1. Make and enforce decisions
2. Resolve disputes
3. Regulate member’s behaviors (social control) |
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Term
| Types of Political Structures |
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Definition
1. Band societies (kinship-based, no permanent
political structure, hunter-gatherer societies)
2. Tribal societies (small-scale societies w/ several
autonomous political units sharing same
language and culture)
3. Chiefdoms (Integration of groups achieved by
office of chiefs)
4. State societies (bureaucratic, hierarchical form
of government w/ political specialists) |
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Term
| Informal and Formal means of Social Control |
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Definition
Informal:
• Witchcraft (e.g. Azande
society)
Formal:
• Song duels (e.g. Inuit
society) |
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Term
| Types of Sanctions within Social Control |
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Definition
• Negative sanctions
• Positive sanctions
• Political coerciveness
• Socialization |
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Term
| Impacts of Multinational Corporations |
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Definition
Large corporations that have economic operations in a number
of different countries throughout the world.
• Change consumption patterns
• Impact local heath, economic, and cultural systems. |
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Term
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Definition
Determine the types of aid and help people around
the world receive in order to increase their standard
of living and help with development, social, and
environmental problems. |
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Term
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Definition
• Article explains the problems with programs
that implement policies based on Western
notions of progress.
• Although well intentioned they often impact
local populations in negative ways (nutrition,
emotional well-being, physical well-being, etc.)
• It is especially important to acknowledge the
vulnerability of marginalized people (e.g.
indigenous people) in the Age of “Progress” |
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Term
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Definition
• Ethnocentric concept
• Based on indicators with no universal cultural relevance:
e.g. GNP, per capita income, employment rates, number of hospitals,
consumption of manufactured good, etc.
• Based on the market-economy (not every society obtains needs
through money exchange) |
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Term
| Standard vs. Quality of Living |
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Definition
e.g. Photographs by Peter Menzel
must conside:
1. Emotional well-being
2. Physical well-being
3. Cultural connections to natural resources |
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Term
| Esa Eja Cosmology (Quality of Living) |
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Definition
• Ese eja religion, subsistence strategies, kinship
structure, language, etc all play a role in
maintaining the health of the community.
• A good example is the peccary situation: If we
were to look at their nutrition in Western terms it
would be best for them to eat other sources of
protein (such as fish) instead of peccaries (which
are considered endangered). But if peccaries were
no longer allowed to be consumed this would
affect the entire well-being and quality of life of
the community. |
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Term
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Definition
Increase incomes, higher standards of living,
greater security, and better health. |
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Term
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Definition
Marginalized people have
different standards.
For example:
1. Indigenous people
2. Traditional people
3. Peasant/rural
populations |
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Term
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Definition
1. Diffusion
2. Invention
3. Acculturation
4. Linked changes |
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Term
| Ways to Prevent Culture Change |
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Definition
Cultural Boundary maintenance
• The practice of cultural groups keeping themselves separate from
other cultures
1. Language
2. Clothing
3. Eating Styles and Food
4. Traditional socio-cultural structures
5. Health systems
6. Religious freedom
Boundaries can be kept if people are given the right to choose what
they want to maintain and what they want to change. |
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Term
| Ways to Preserve Cultural Diversity |
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Definition
Possible through:
• Knowledge
• Empathy
• Respect
• Communication
• Challenging
naturalized
perspectives/concepts |
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Term
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Definition
A public philosophy that recognizes the legitimacy
and equality of all cultures represented in a
society |
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Term
| !Kung Social Organization |
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Definition
-bilateral kinship system
-exogamous
-incest taboos
-expected bride service
-serial monogamous
-matrilocal |
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Term
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Definition
-women marry much younger than men
-sex is not expected until the woman is old enough
-men move to wife's village
-divorce is common
-polygamy is allowed but not common
-a good husband=a good hunter
-a good wife=good gatherer/able to bear children
-marry early to develop ties with other groups and to have access to more resources |
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Term
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Definition
| are the basic social unit found in many hunting-and-gathering societies; these societies are characterized by being kinship based and having no permanent political structure |
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Term
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Definition
| small-scale societies composed of a number of autonomous political unites sharing common linguistic and cultural beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| an intermediate form of political organization in which integration is achieved through the office of chiefs |
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Term
| State System of Government |
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Definition
| a bureaucratic, hierarchical form of government composed of various echelons of political specialists |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of political system that involves popular participation in decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of government that is controlled by a leader who holds absolute power and denies popular participation in decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| mechanisms found in all societies that function to encourage people not to violate the social norms |
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Term
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Definition
| ay means used to enforce compliance with the rules and norms of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| a mechanism of social control for enforcing a society's norms through rewards |
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Term
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Definition
| punishment for violating the norms of a society |
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Term
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Definition
| the practice of having God bea witness to the truth of what a person says |
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Term
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Definition
| cultural rules that regulate human behavior and maintain order |
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Term
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Definition
| a means of setting disputes over wife stealing among the Inuit involving the use of song and lyrics to determine one's guilt or innocence |
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Term
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Definition
| Mediators of dispute among individuals or families within a society |
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Term
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Definition
| non-mainstream people who are at the fringes of their own culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the spreading of a cultural trait from one society to another |
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Term
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Definition
1) selectivity
2) reciprocity
3) modification |
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Term
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Definition
| a specific form of cultural diffusion in which a subordinate culture adopts many of the cultural traits of a more powerful culture |
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Term
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Definition
| the application of anthropological knowledge, theory, and methods to the solution of specific societal problems |
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Term
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Definition
| a fieldwork method in which the cultural anthropologist lives with the people under study and observes their everyday activities |
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Term
| Pure Anthropology vs. Applied Anthropology |
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Definition
pure-seen as being concerned only with the advancement of the discipline in terms of refining its methods and theories and providing increasingly more valid and reliable data
applied- seen as being primarily aimed at changing human behavior in order to ameliorate contemporary problems |
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