Term
|
Definition
| any open space in soil or rock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the total volume of empty space in a material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| original open space in of a rock or soil after it forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| open space created in a rock or soil after it is created |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability of a material to allow fluid to flow through it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a material that has interconnected pore space that allows water to flow through it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a material that does not have interconnected pore space, thus not allowing water to flow through it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water that resides under the surface of the earth within the zone of saturation. It occurs within soil, bedrock, or in caves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the seepage of surface water into the ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| zone above water table where infiltration occurs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Zone of saturation: zone where pore space is filled with groundwater. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| boundary that separates fully saturated soil and rock from partially saturated soil and rock under the surface of the earth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A natural outlet from which groundwater flows up onto the ground surface. Where the water table intersect the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area where surface tension and/or electrostatic attraction between groundwater molecules and soil/mineral particles pulls groundwater out of the zone of saturation, above the water table. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rock and/or sediment that is saturated with groundwater, and is sufficiently permeable to allow economic viable quantities of groundwater to wells and springs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| soil or rock that does not have a high permeability, so groundwater moves through it slowly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Soil of rock that is totally impermeable, thus not allowing any groundwater to move through it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No impermeable layer obstructs water from entering or leaving the saturated rock or soil. The upper limit of an unconfined aquifer is the water table. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| saturated groundwater that is enclosed by impermeable layers above it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pore space that is saturated with groundwater, by an impermeable layer (aquiclude or aquitard), above the regional water table. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the elevation that confined groundwater would rise, due to pressure, but it is not allowed because of aquicludes. |
|
|
Term
| highly productive aquifer |
|
Definition
| 1) loose sand and gravel; 2) fractured basalt; & 3) limestone |
|
|
Term
| moderately productive aquifer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lesser productive aquifer |
|
Definition
| fractured plutonic and metamorphic rocks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water is leaving stream and moving into the ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water is leaving stream and moving into the ground |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas where surface water replenishes the groundwater. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas where groundwater is removed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bring groundwater to the surface through pumping or natural means. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cone shaped depression in the water table due to drawdown. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowering of the water table due to well pumping. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas that are saturated with water -- covered year-round or just for a few months – have water-tolerant plants, and anaerobic (oxygen-deficient) poorly drained soils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a wetland dominated by trees |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in Florida is a small freshwater swamp which receive water from rainfall, with no or minimal current. Typically not connected to any river system and often has a nearly closed canopy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areas where groundwater comes into contact with ‘hot’ area (like a magma chamber) under the Earth’s surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water is “super heated” at depth (heated beyond its boiling point, but it does not turn into a gas because it is under pressure). The hot water quickly rises to the surface, releasing pressure, and causing steam to form. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| voids in carbonate rock (such as limestone) that have been dissolved into the rock by weakly acidic groundwater. |
|
|
Term
| stalagmites and stalactites |
|
Definition
Dripping water deposits dissolved CaCO3 to form features
mite reach top one day
tite so they wont fall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area that has been shaped by the dissolving power of groundwater. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| develops in an area that has undergone a huge amount of surface erosion. Usually underlain by an impermeable layer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surface collapse or subsidence due to dissolving carbonate bedrock located below the surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms by the roof or top of a cave falling in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form by carbonate rock (limestone) gradually dissolving in naturally acidic water |
|
|
Term
| groundwater contamination |
|
Definition
| addition to the groundwater, mostly through anthropogenic means, of elements that are harmful and make the groundwater dangerous to consume. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are wells that discharge waste from industrial areas (either chemicals or hot water) deep into aquifers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the daily rising or falling of sea level at a given point on the Earth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the difference in sea level between high tide and low tide at a given point. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused in part by the gravitational attraction of the Sun and Moon, and in part by the centrifugal and centripetal forces created by the Earth’s spin. This is why informed people called tidal waves tsunamis and rip tides rip currents. Waves and currents are not formed by tides! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an especially high tide that occurs when the Sun is on the same side of the Earth as the Moon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an especially low tide that occurs when the angle between the direction of the Moon and the direction of the Sun is 90°. |
|
|
Term
| Hydrothermal alteration of ocean crust |
|
Definition
| This leaches “salts” out of the mafic rocks and adds them to the water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a rapid change in salinity with depth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a rapid change in temperature with depth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the distance that the wind blows over a water surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bending of waves as they approach a shore so that their crests make no more than a 5° angle with the shoreline. This happens by an ocean wave approaching shore at an angle, one side of the wave reaches shallow water first, and so part of the wave slows. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a current that flows parallel to the shore. This is a product of wave refraction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of sand grains along a shoreline by longshore current. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A strong, localized seaward flow of water perpendicular to a beach. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wave energy sends a surge of water up a beach. (can carry beach sand with it) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gravity drawing water back down the beach.The backwash can also carry beach sand within it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beaches; Erosional coast; Depositional coast;Drowned coast; Emergent coast; Coast shaped by organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the result of subsidence of coastal areas or a rise in global sea level. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deep, glacially carved, U-shaped valley flooded by rising sea level. This is an example of a drowned coast. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inlet in which seawater (saltwater) and river water mix, created when a coastal valley was encroached by the seawater, or when the coastal area is very close to sea level. Flooding occurred because of either rising sea level or land subsidence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The zone above the water line at a shore of a body of water, marked by an accumulation of sand, stone, or gravel that has been deposited. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steeply concave part of the foreshore zone formed where the swash of the waves actively scours the sand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| horizontal or landward-sloping terrace in the backshore zone of a beach that receives sediment during a storm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| divides the beach face and berm. |
|
|
Term
| The sand at a beach can be made of |
|
Definition
| quartz grains Basalt grains Or calcite grains(shell fragments) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
can develop by beach drift out into open water as well as wave refraction around the end of the spit.
(long skinny island curved at the end) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form as spits close off bays along coast lines due to beach drift
(sandbar closing in a bay between the ocean) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An offshore sand bar that rises above the mean high-water level, forming an island. These type of drift deposits require large amounts of sand and protect inland areas from flooding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a vegetated, flat-lying stretch of coast that floods with shallow water but does not feel the impact of strong waves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a coastal wetland dominated by mangrove trees. These are Red Mangroves from Southwest Florida. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a coastal wetland dominated by grasses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have high energy, that is the waves are powerful enough to cause erosion of the material that the coast is made out of. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have low energy. Good examples of depositional coast are barrier islands and deltas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The continual circulation of water in its three states (liquid, solid, and vapor) through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All water on the surface of the earth, including the oceans, glaciers, and ground water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The solid portion of the earth |
|
|
Term
| what happens to precipitation |
|
Definition
- Evapotranspiration from plants and surface (back to
atmosphere)
- Run off
- Infiltration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fancy word combining evaporation and transpiration together. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Liquid water that is turned into a gas (opposite of condensation). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Water that has infiltrated the ground is absorbed by plants, which in turn release it to the atmosphere as a gas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The flow of water across land that occurs when precipitation exceeds infiltration. Usually in the form of streams/rivers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A ribbon of water that flows in a channel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A trough dug into the ground surface by flowing water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the main branch of the stream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The smaller branches that feed the main branch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This network of tributaries and a trunk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an array of interconnecting streams that together drain an area. can also be called watersheds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are a highland or ridge that separates one drainage basin from another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates the drainage of water between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans within the lower 48 States. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An approximate uniform substrate, and an approximate uniform initial slope will lead to a tree like branching network of streams |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stream drainage emanating from a central high elevation (i.e., mountain) will result |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A highly fractured and jointed surface will result in a rectangular drainage pattern where streams meet at high angles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In places where a series of mountains and valleys form parallel ridges and basin. The tributaries will be confined to the valleys while the main branch of the river (trunk) can cut across the ridges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form in humid or temperate climates where water in the stream not only comes from surface runoff but also from the ground. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form in dry climates where there are high surface evaporation rates and little precipitation and the water in the ground is limited and deep. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parallel movement of water in a stream or river with no mixing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (chaotic twisting, mixing and swirling motion in flowing stream or rivers) is more common in nature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the volume of water in a conduit or channel passing a point in one second.
Q=A*v |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| depending on shape..is in the center of the stream near the surface. usually in deepest part of the channel |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is the change in the slope of a stream over a given distance
At their source streams have a steep gradient
At their mouth streams have a shallow gradient |
|
|
Term
| Eroded material is Transported by streams in 3 different ways: |
|
Definition
| bedload,suspended load, dissolved load |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Large particles, such as sand, pebbles, or cobbles, that bounce or roll along a stream bed. Most of the bedload only moves during periods of high discharge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tiny solid grains carried along by a stream without settling to the floor of the channel. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : Ions dissolved in a stream’s water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The movement of a sediment in which grains bounce along their substrate, knocking other grains into the water column (or air) in the process. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the maximum size of particle (clay, silt, sand, etc.) that a stream can carry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the amount of material a stream can carry. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the lowest elevation a stream channel’s floor can reach at a given locality. Sea level is the ultimate base level.
(a change in base level can create terraces) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The elevated surface of an older floodplain into which a younger floodplain had cut down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stream gradient becomes so extreme the water literally free-falls. |
|
|
Term
| Rivers evolve from “youth” (a) to “old age” with time (c). |
|
Definition
Youth stage rivers will erode downward.
Old age streams will erode latterly (outward) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| downward erosion dominates. The streams are relatively straight, the water is moving at a high velocity, and the channel is shaped like a “V”. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| As the gradient becomes less steep, streams begin to meander and erode laterally to form a floodplain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| river erodes latterly (outwards, not down into the Earth), the water is moving very slowly in the channel, and the channel is shaped like a “U”. Oxbow lakes are common as are wetlands (swampy areas). This is like the lower part of the Mississippi River. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sweeping bends in a stream form by lateral erosion. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form when meanders get cut off.Oxbow lakes only receive sediment during floods and thus fill primarily with mud |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wedge-shaped deposit of sediment on the inside bank of a meander. Deposition occurs here because the stream velocity is lowest at the inside of the meander. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outside bank of the channel wall of a meander, which is continually undergoing erosion. |
|
|
Term
| tangential or angular velocity. |
|
Definition
| This increase in velocity in the outer part of the meander |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sediment-choked stream consisting of entwined subchannels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A wedge of sediment formed at a river mouth when the running water of the stream enters standing water, the current slows, the stream loses competence, and sediment settles out. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The fan of small streams formed where a river spreads out over its delta. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Arc-shaped where the current of the water that the delta is forming in is stronger than that of the river current. The open water current can move around the river sediment.
2) bird’s-foot delta form where the river current is stronger that the free standing water's current that it is flowing out into. The Mississippi river delta is an example. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The flat land on either side of a stream that becomes covered with water during times of high discharge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form by sediment dropped by river when it tops its channel. They are built by successive flooding over many years. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| melting of snow and heavy rains in the spring time; Extremely heavy rains over a very short period of time; Ice-jams building up along a river in the winter time acting like a dam; Human activity (dams, levees, channelization) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the average time between past flood events of a similar size.
Average length of time (T) between flood events.
T = (N+1) / M
where
N = number of years of record
M = the rank of the flood magnitude in comparison to other floods in the record. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
= 1 / recurrence interval
2 year flood will happen, on average, once every two years (1/2 = 50%)
100 year flood will happen, on average, once every one hundred years (1/100 = 1%) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Local, sudden floods of large volume and short duration often triggered by heavy thunder storms. |
|
|
Term
| The principal of uniformitarianism |
|
Definition
| The physical processes we observe today also operated in the past in the same way, and at comparable rates. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of superposition |
|
Definition
| In a sequence of sedimentary rock layers, each layer must be younger than the one below, for a layer of sediment cannot accumulate unless there is already a substrate on which it can collect. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of original horizontality |
|
Definition
| Layers of sediment, when originally deposited, are fairly horizontal. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of original continuity |
|
Definition
| Sedimentary layers, before erosion, formed fairly continuous sheets over a region. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a correlation based on similarities in rock type (i.e., this sandstone looks just like that sandstone) |
|
|
Term
| Principle of cross-cutting relationships |
|
Definition
| If one geologic feature cuts across another, the feature that has been cut is older. such as a dike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If a rock contains fragments of another rock, the fragments must be older than the rock containing them. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of baked contacts |
|
Definition
| When an igneous intrusion “bakes” (metamorphoses) surrounding rock, the rock that has been baked must be older than the intrusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A boundary between two different rock sequences representing an interval of time during which new strata were not deposited and/or were eroded.
There are 3 types of unconformities:
Angular unconformity
Nonconformity
Disconformity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An unconformity in which the strata below were tilted or folded before the unconformity developed; strata below the unconformity therefore have a different tilt than strata above. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of unconformity at which sedimentary rocks overlie basement (older intrusive igneous rocks and/or metamorphic rocks). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An unconformity parallel to the two sedimentary sequences it separates. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The remnant, or trace, of an ancient living organism that has been preserved in rock or sediment.
How are fossils preserved?
1)Death in an oxygen-poor environment; 2) Quickly buried; 3) Presence of hard parts; 4) Lack of metamorphism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fossils can also be traces of past life, like foot prints or burrows. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1-indicators of ancient environments
serve as time markers for ordering 2-sedimentary strata according to their ages
3-information about ancient life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of fossil species found in a specific sequence of sedimentary rock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The interval of a sequence of strata in which a specific fossil species appears. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of fossil succession |
|
Definition
| In a stratigraphic sequence, different species of fossil organisms appear in a definite order; once a fossil species disappears in a sequence of strata, it never reappears higher in the sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A determination of the stratigraphic relation between two sedimentary rock units, reached by studying fossils. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The # of neutrons can vary, so different elements can have the same atomic mass. This is an isotope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not change (is not radioactive). Its protons are strong enough to hold all of its extra neutrons |
|
|
Term
| unstable, or radioisotopes |
|
Definition
| , the protons cannot hold all of the extra neutrons in place, so the nucleus will change. |
|
|
Term
| Radiometric dating techniques |
|
Definition
| have lead to the assignment of ages to the geologic time scale. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A radioactive isotope that undergoes decay |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The decay product of radioactive decay) is known |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The span of time since the formation of the Earth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The age of one geologic feature with respect to another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The absolute age of a geologic feature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A scale that describes the intervals of geologic time.
eon:in precambrian theres archean and proterozoic also in eon there is phanerozoic in phanerozoic era there is paleozoic mesozoic and cenozoic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| : layered mounds of sediment formed by cyanobacteria. One of the oldest living organisms on Earth (first appeared 3.2 Ga). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
: a large global glaciation where ice covers all land and perhaps the entire ocean.
This causes exchange between the atmosphere and oceans to stop, and may have lead to many life forms dying off.
When this Earth-wide glaciation ends, the atmosphere greatly warms and life quickly expands. |
|
|
Term
| Banded-iron formation (BIF): |
|
Definition
| Iron-rich sedimentary layers consisting of alternating gray beds of iron oxide and red beds of iron-rich chert. |
|
|
Term
| Major points of life during the Mesozoic Era |
|
Definition
1.Reptiles rule the world (on land, sea, and in air)
2.Dinosaurs are an order of the Reptile class (class order family)
3.Flowering plants show up
4.Mammals evolve from reptiles during the Triassic
5.Climate changes from the break-up of Pangea and a large meteorite impact caused a large extinction at the end of this Era |
|
|
