1. Rocky Coasts
2. Soft Sediment Coasts

• ocean waves strike rocky shores with immense energy
• ex-a small 2-m waves smashes into rocks with forces over 15 metric tons per square meter
• this is a rapic geologic process, but slow by human standards

1. swash
2. backwash
3. longshore drift
4. beach budget

the movement of sedimentary materials along the coast created by swash and backwash

• flow parallel to the coastline and move vast amounts of sedimentary material

1. breakers
2. rip currents
3. wind
4. currents
5. terrigenous sediments

• a long, narrow deposit of sand, parallel to the coast and raised above sea level by the action of waves--in the US, extend from Long Island, NY, to Padre Island, Texas
• two hypothesis about their formation:
• sand dunes systems drowned by rising sea level
• spits and bars formed by the refraction of waves

--groundwater

--surface water

• as water drenches the landscape, some soaks into the ground and becomes____
• some flows over the ground and into streams and ponds of ____

• flow only at certain times of the year such as rainy seasons or when snow melts in the spring
• they are represented on topographic maps as blue line segments separated by blue dots (three blue dots between each line segment)

• all streams, perennial and intermittent, have the potential to ___
• damage more human property in the US than any other natural hazard

• land erosion (wearing away of the land)
• alluvium

• streams are also the single most important natural agent of ___
• the sediment is transported and eventually deposited, whereupon it is called ____

• a network of channels with right angle bends that form a pattern of interconnected rectangles and squares
• this pattern often develops over rocks that are fractured or faulted in two main directions that are perpendicular (at nearly right angles) and break the bedrock into rectangular or square blocks.
• the streams erode channels along the perpendicular fractures and faults

• channel flow outward form a central area, resembling the spokes of a wheel.
• water drains from the inside of the pattern, the "spokes" nearly meet, to the outside of the pattern (where the "spokes" are the farthese apart).
• this pattern develops on concial hills, such as volcanoes and some structual domes

• channels converge on a central point, often a lake or playa (dry lake bed) at the center of a closed basin (a basin form which surface water cannot drain bc there is no outlet valley)

• a set of incomplete, concentric rings of streams connected by short radial channels
• this pattern commonly develops on eroding structual domes and folds that contain alternating folded layers of resistant and nonresistant rock types

• resembles a vine or climbing rose bush growing on a ___, where the main stream is long and intersected at nearly right angles by its tributaries
• this pattern commonly develops where alternating layers of resistant and nonresistant rocks have been tilted and eroded to form a series of parallel ridges and valleys
• the main stream channel cuts throught the rideges, and the main tributatires flow perpendicular to the main stream and along the valleys (parallel to and between the ridges )

--drainage basin

--divides

• the entire area of land that is drained by one stream or an entire stream drainage system is called ____
• the linear boundaries that separate one drainage basin from another are called ____

• is a narrow strip of land dividing surface waters that drain in opposite directions across the continent
• the ___in North America is an imaginary line along the crest of the rocky mountains--the great divide

1. weathering
2. transportation
3. deposition

• uplands
• head

• the smallest valleys in a drainage basin occur at its highest elevation called ___
• in the uplands a stream's (tributary's) point of origin or ___, may be at a spring or at the start of narrow runoff channels developed during rainstorms

erosion is the dominant process here, and the stream channels deepen and erode their V-shaped channels uphill through time--a process called ____

• the steepness of a slope--either the slope of a valley wall or the slope of a stream along a selected length (segment) of its channel
• ___is generally expreseed in feet per mile
• this is determine by dividing the vertical rise or fall b/t two points on the slope (in feet) by the horizontal distance (run) between them (in miles)

• the lowest level to which a stream can theoretically erode
• for ex- ___is achieved where a stream enters a lake or ocean.
• at that point the erosional (cutting) power of the stream is zero and depositional (sediment accumulation) processes occur

• the rate of stream flow at a given time and locaiton
• is measured in water volume per unit of time, commonly cubic feet per second

load

• the amount of material (mostly alluvium, but also plants, trash and dissolved material) that is transported by a stream
• in the uplands, most streams have relatively steep gradients, so the streams cut narrow, Vshaped valleys.
• near their heads, tributaries are quick to transport their ___downstream where it combines with the ___of other tributaries
• therefore the ___of teh tributaries is transferred to the larger stream and eventually to the main river
• the __is eventually depostied at the mouth of the river, where it enters a lake ocean or dry basin

• delta
• alluvial fan

• where a stream enters a lake, ocean, or dry basin, its velocity decreases dramatically. the stream drops its sediment load, which accumulates as a triangular or fan shaped deposit.  it a lake or ocean such a  deposit is called____
• a similar fan shaped deposit of stream sediment also occurs where a steep gradient stream abruptly enter a wide, level plain, creating an ____

• submergent coastline
• retrogradational
• transgression
• subsidence

a rising sea level creates a ____---one that is flooding and receding (____)

sea level rise is caused either by the water level actually rising (called ___) or by the land getting lower (called ____)

• emergent coastline
• progradational
• regression
• uplift

• a falling sea level creates an ___--one that is being elevated above sea level and building out into the water (___)
• sea level fall is caused either by the water level actually falling (called ___) or by rising of the land (called ___)

• The 1st dinosaur were small bipeds
• They ate insects and small vertebrates
• 5 million yrs they had their chance

• Eoraptor
• Herrerasaurus
• Both are from Ischigualasto Formation in Patagonia, Argentina

1.  4600 mill
2.  3500 mill
3.  545 mill
4.  230 mill

1. origin of earth?
2. origin of life?
3. 1st fish?
4. 1st dinosaur?